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中学英语语法分类复习-连词

2024-06-18 来源:汇智旅游网


七. 连 词

一、连词的定义

用来连接单词与单词、短语与短语、分句与分句、从句与主句的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词,在句中不重读,并列连词和部分从属连词不能独立担任句子成分。根据在句中所起的作用,连词可分为并列连词和从属连词两类。

二、并列连词

连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子的连词叫并列连词。根据其意义,并列连词又可分为表示联合、转折、选择和因果等四种关系的连词。

(一)表示联合关系的并列连词:

and (和,前后地位同等),both…and···(既…又…,强调整体),

neither ··· nor…(既不…也不…,重心在后),not only/just/merely…but also(but 或also可省任意一词)…(不但…而且…,重心在后),as well as(除…外也…,重心在前)。

I am a teacher and he is a doctor.我是老师,他是医生。

He is famous both at home and abroad. 他在国内外都很有名。

Neither I nor he has seen the film.我没看过那部电影,他也没看过。

He has experience as well as knowledge.(=He has not only knowledge but also experience.)他既有知识,又有经验。

▲and用法的注意点:

①and有时用于连接两个相同的词语来表示连续性。 The train was running faster and faster. 火车越来越快。

We waited and waited.我们等啊等。

②在come,try,stay等后and再加一个动词,表示目的,大致相当于to。

Try and get the work done before dark.

尽量在天黑前把活干完。

Come and have tea with me. 过来跟我一起喝杯茶。

③and用在祈使句后表结果,意为“那么”。(or/or else也有这样的用法,意为“否则”。)祈使句的作用相当于if条件句。 Come here, and you'll see the picture clearly.

到这里来,那么你就会清楚地看到这幅画。 Come here, or you'll lose the chance. 到这里来,否则你就会失去机会的。

④and有时表示对比,类似while, but 。 He is rich,and yet leads a modest life.

他很富有,但却过着朴素的生活。 Robert is secretive and David is candid. 罗伯特深藏不露,而戴维则有啥说啥。

▲as well as在连接两个动词不定式时,后一个不定式符号to

可以省略。

(二)表示转折关系的并列连词: but(可是,但是),while(而,然而),yet(可是),表示转折关系的并列副词或短语however(然而,但是),still(但是,然而),whereas

(而),nevertheless(然而,不过),on the contrary(相反)。 I am willing, yet unable. 我心有余而力不足。

He is short, while his brother is tall.他个子矮而他兄弟个子高。 He worked hard. However, he failed.他很努力,然而还是失败了。(however可置于句首、句中或句末)

The pain was bad, still he did not complain. 痛得厉害,可是他并不呻吟。

We had hoped to see the show; however, we couldn't get the ticket. 我们原来希望看这场表演,可是我们实在买不到票。

The plan had certain weaknesses, nevertheless we decided to adopt it.这个计划有某些缺点,不过我们还是决定采纳它。

①yet:表示“但是;然而”,用于连接句子,表示含惊讶意义的转折。

She suffered from a bad cold,and yet she had to drag herself to her work。

她感冒得很厉害,但仍然硬撑着去上班。

It's very fine weather for a walk, yet I don't think I'll go out. 这是散步的好天气,可我还是不想出去。

②whereas:意思是“然而;反之”。用while是强调两者的对比,而whereas侧重于说明某事不适用于所有情况。 We want a flat,whereas they would rather live in a house.

我们想住套间,而他们却想住一所大房子。

Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。

(三)表示选择关系的并列连词: or(或),or else(否则),otherwise(否则),either ... or...(或…或…,

不是…就是…),rather than(而不是),not...but...(不是...而是...)。 John or I am to blame.不是约翰就是我该受责备。 Seize the chance, otherwise(or else)you'll regret it. 抓住机会,否则你会后悔的。(otherwise, or else常在祈使句后) You can either stay at home, or go fishing. 你可以呆在家里,或是去钓鱼。

He went rather than stay as an unwelcome guest. 他走了,不愿呆着做个不受欢迎的客人。

①whether„or:表示选择,是“不论是否„;不管是„还是„”之意,一般只能连接句子成分。

I am in a dilemma whether to do maths or English.

我左右为难,不知是做数学作业还是做英语作业。

I cannot recollect whether I told you or not about Allen Bennett. 我想不起来我是否告诉过你有关艾伦·贝内特的事。

②not„but„:意为“不是„而是„”。 We do not study Russian but English.

我们不学俄语,而学英语。

What he wants is not money but justice. 他所要的不是钱而是公正。

③rather than和more than: 都是“而不是”之意。 Rather than take the airplane all the way,they decided to fly to Vancouver

and then take the train west to east across Canada. 她们决定先飞到温哥华,然后乘火车从西向东穿越加拿大, 而不是直飞。 The manager, more than the trade union, is responsible for the present impasse.目前的僵局应由经理而不是工会负责。 (四)表因果关系的并列连词:so(所以),for(因为)。 It is morning, for the birds are singing. 天亮了,因为鸟叫了。

It was late, so I went home.天已晚了,因此我就回家了。

so后接句子表结果,意为“因而,所以”,不与because同时使用。另外还有些副词或短语如 then(那么,因而),thus(因

而),hence(因此),therefore(因此),consequently(结果),moreover(况且),as a result/consequence(结果),in addition(此外)等也可

使前后句的意思更为连贯,起到一定的连词作用。

He was busy, therefore he could not come. 他忙,所以不能来。 His car broke down, thus he was late for work. 他的车坏了,因此他上班迟到。

It is winter now; hence the days will be shorter. 现在是冬天,因此白天会短些。

I was in a hurry; hence I only took a piece of sandwich as lunch. 我很忙,所以只吃了一块三明治作为午餐。

Bicycling is a good exercise, moreover, it doesn't pollute the environment. 骑自行车是很好的运动,况且还不污染环境。

In addition to spending time with his family, he enjoys sporting events, especially football.

除了与家人共享天伦之乐外,他还喜欢体育运动,特别是足球。

三、从属连词

用来连接主句和从句的连词叫从属连词。从属连词可分为两类:引导名词性从句的从属连词和引导状语从句的从属连词。(引导定语从句的连词叫“关系词”) (一)引导名词性从句的从属连词

引导名词性从句的从属连词有连接词that(无词义,不作成

分), whether(“是否”,不作成分)和if(“是否”,不作成分),这三

个连接词在句中不充当任何句子成分;连接代词有who, whom, whose, which, what,它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语等;连接副词有when,where,how,why,在句中可作状语(详见名词性从句)。如:

We know (that) the earth goes round the sun.

我们知道地球围绕太阳运转。(宾语从句) What we need is more time. 我们需要的是更多的时间。(主语从句) That's what I want.那就是我想要的。(表语从句) The news that our team had won was very exciting. 我们队赢了,这消息令人十分振奋。(同位语从句)

(二)引导状语从句的从属连词 1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词:

when, as, while, after, before, since, ever since,as soon as, once, till, until, whenever, no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely...when, the moment/ minute/ instant/ second, every time, each time,any time,the first time, next time, last time,all the time, by the time,directly, immediately, instantly等。 Once you begin, you must go on. 你一开了头,就应当继续下去。 When it rains, I go to school by bus. 下雨时,我坐公共汽车上学。

2.引导地点状语从句的从属连词: where(在…地方),wherever(无论在…哪里),everywhere(处处),anywhere

(任何地方)等。

Wherever she may be, she will be happy. 她无论在什么地方都快乐。

Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者,事竟成。

3.引导原因状语从句的从属连词: as(由于),because(因为),since(既然),now that(既然),in that (因

为,从句在主句前后都可),seeing that(鉴于),considering that(鉴于)等。 He didn't go to school because he was ill.他因生病没去上学。

Since everybody is here, let's begin.既然大家都在此,我们开始吧。

4.引导条件状语从句的从属连词:

if(如果),only if(只有···),if only(如果),unless(除非),so/as long as(只要),when(如果=if),once(一旦),provided/providing that,on condition that, suppose/supposed/supposing that,given that等。 He will not come unless he is invited. 除非被邀请否则他是不会来。

You'll be late for the class if you don't hurry. 如果你不快点,你就会上课迟到。

5.引导目的状语从句的从属连词: that(以便),so that(为了),in order that(为了),lest(以防,免得),

in case(以防,免得), for fear that(以防)等。(so that引导的目的状语从句中常有can, could等情态动词,其引导的结果状语从句中一般无情态动词)。

She took medicine on time in order that she might get well soon. 为了让病快点好,她按时吃药。

I came here that I might take a good look at the new bridge. 我来这儿,为的是好好看看新大桥。

Take your umbrella in case it rains.带上伞以防下雨。

6.引导结果状语从句的从属连词: so that(结果),so(结果),that(以致)so…that, such···that(如此…以

致),with the result that等。

It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze. 天气很冷,碗里的水都结冰了。

It is such a good student that we all like him. 他是个好学生,我们都喜欢他。

7.引导让步状语从句的从属连词:

though/although(虽然),as(虽然),even if(尽管;即使)even though(尽管),however(无论怎样),whatever(无论什么),whoever(无论谁),whichever, no matter how/what/which/…(无论多么/什么/哪一个人),when(尽管,置于主句后),while(尽管,虽然,置于主句前),whether...or, whether...or not(无论...还是...),granting/granted that(即使,尽管)等。 Even if you were here yesterday, you couldn't help him.

即使昨天你在这,你也帮不了他。

Though he is old, he still works hard. 虽然他老了,可是他还是努力工作。 However difficult the task is, I'll finish it. 无论这任务有多难,我都会完成它。 Whatever happens, don't change your mind. 无论发生什么都不要改变主意。

Whoever knocks at the door, don't open it. 无论谁敲门,都不要开。

8.引导方式状语从句的从属连词:

as, just as(正如...一样),as if/as though(好像,似乎)等。 He speaks English as if he were an Englishman. 他讲起英语来就像是英国人似的。 Use a book as a bee does a flower. 像蜜蜂利用花一样去利用书籍吧。

9.引导比较状语从句的从属连词:

as...as(和···一样),not so/as ··· as…(与…不一样),than(比)等。 His elder sister is as tall as his mother. 他姐姐和他母亲一样高。

He works harder than before.他比以前更努力工作。

四、部分连词的用法比较 (一)when和while

两个词都可以表示“当···时”,引导时间状语从句。 when引导时间状语从句的谓语动词既可以是延续性的,也可以是终止性的;while引导时间状语从句的谓语动词只能是延续性的。 He was doing his homework when I came in.

(当)我进来时,他正在做家庭作业。

I came in when/while he was doing his homework. 当他在做家庭作业时,我走了进来。

While/when I was in the town,1 saw him twice. (当)我在城里时,见过他两次。 Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。

▲when还作并列连词,可译作“这时”;while还引导对比句,可译作“而”。注意以下代表句型:

He was playing football when it began to rain. 他在外面踢足球,这时开始下起雨来。

I had just put away my books when I realized that I still had some homework to do.

我刚收好书,这时才想起还有作业没完成。

I was about to leave when suddenly the phone rang. (= I was on the point of leaving when...)我正要出门,电话铃响了。

He was on his way across the bridge when suddenly his car crashed. 他正过桥,突然,他的车出事了。

He is tall while his elder brother is short. 他个子高,而他哥哥个子矮。

(二)though 和as

两个词都可表示“虽然”,引导让步状语从句。though引导的从句可倒装可不倒装;as引导的让步状语从句必须用倒装语序,即把从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在as之前三种形式。

Cold as it was, he went on working.

Though it was cold,he went on working. 尽管天气冷,可他仍继续工作。 Child as he is,he knows a lot.

Though he is a child, he knows a lot. 虽然他还是个孩子,可懂很多事情。

Brave a man as he is, he dare not touch the snake. 虽然他很勇敢,但却不敢去摸那蛇。

Fast as you read,you can't finish the book in three days.

Though you read fast,you can't finish the book in three days. 虽然你读得很快,但三天之内你还是看不完这本书。 Try as he might,he couldn't get rid of the difficulty. Though he might try,he couldn't get rid of the difficulty. 不管怎样努力,他还是摆脱不了困难。

(三)because, since, as和for四个词都可表“因为”。

because表示产生某结果的必有原因,语气最强,引导的从句可以置于句首或句末,放在句首时通常用逗号。它引导的从句可用于强调句。why问句要用because回答。

since的语气比because稍弱,表示关系上的自然结果,特别用于原因已经清楚了的事情,一般译成“既然,鉴于”(往往放在主句之前)。不用于强调句。 as语气最弱,只说明一般的因果关系,表示显而易见的原因,或倒果为因的说法(可放在主句之前,亦可放在主句之后),可译为“因为,由于”。不用于强调句。

for是并列连词,语气最弱,对前面分句加以解释或表示推断的原因。引导的分句一般置于句末,从句前要用号。 It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.(推理)

As the ground is wet, it must have rained last night.(倒果为因) 昨晚一定下了雨,地面是湿的。

He is absent from school because he is ill. 因为生病,他没来上课。

Because/ As it was wet, we went there by bus. 因为下雨,我们乘车去那儿。

As she was in a bad mood, we left her alone. 由于她心情不好,我们不去打扰她了。

Since you've asked, I'll tell you what I really think. 既然你问,我就告诉你我的真正想法。

Since a lot of people make mistakes in life,Mr. Smith wanted to give John a chance.既然很多人在生活中都会犯错误,史密斯先生想给约翰一个(改过的)机会。

她还没有决定去还是不去。(接不定式)

(四)if和whether

1.表示“是否”时两个词都能引导宾语从句。 I wonder if/whether you can examine him now.

不知你现在是否可以给他检查一下。 注意 引导名词性从句时,if通常只引导及物动词的宾语从句。 ①如果主句的谓语是短语动词,用whether,而不用if 。

Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切都取决于我们是否有足够的钱。

②某些动词(如discuss,decide)后的宾语从句,用whether,而不用if。

They discussed whether they should help her. 他们商议他们该不该帮助她。

③宾语从句移置句首时,用whether,不用if。

Whether it is true or not, I can't say. 这是不是真的,我不敢说。

④宾语从句为否定形式时,通常用if,而不用whether。

I asked her whether he wouldn't come.我问她他是不是会来。

2. if可译作“如果”引导条件状语从句

If I were you, I would not go. 如果我是你,我就不去。 3. whether可译作“不管,无论”,引让步状语从句。 Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that.

不管他同意与否我都要做这事。

4. whether可以引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,接不定式,或直接跟or not等(if不引导此三种从句,不能接不定式或直接跟or not)。

Whether he will come or not is unknown.

他来不来还不知道。(主语从句)

The question is whether it is worth doing. (表语从句)问题是这事是否值得。) I have no idea whether he is there. 我不知道他是否在那。(同位语从句) I don't know whether/if he will do it or not. I don't know whether or not he will do it. 我不知道他是否会做这事。(接or not) She hasn't decided whether to go or not.

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