基本句型：简单句&并列句 1．简单句的构成
My father is listening to the popular music in the garden. The handsome boy is my brother.
主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 表语 补语 简单句的五种形式：
（1）主语+谓语 (不及物动词）；
（2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语； （3）主语+谓语+宾语+补语；
（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语； （5）主语+系动词+表语。 谓语
. 实义动词
① 及物动词 watch, see ② 不及物动词 sit . 系动词 ① be动词；
② 一些实义动词用作系动词：feel, taste, smell等； . He is crying.
. Parents watch TV every night. . My father gave me some advice. . We can make our country beautiful. . The boy is the tallest in the class. .
2．并列句
两个简单句并列在一起，中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。 并列句不能只用逗号隔开，而要用连接词连接。 连接词：
（1）并列关系句型：连接词有and, either…or…，neither…nor…, not only…but also… eg: Last year I met Kate and we became friends. Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it. （2）转折概念并列句型：转折词有but eg: It has no mouth, but it can talk. （3）对比关系的并列句型：
eg: He liked sports, while I would rather collect stamps. 简单句与并列句是复合句的基础。 主语 —— 施动者或动作的主体 宾语 —— 受动者 2
通常主语与宾语由名词或代词构成 I love you. （一）名词 1. 可数名词
有单复数之分，若名词为单数，通常前面要加冠词a/an、the进行限定；若名词为复数，可以加上the，或者直接用复数名词，或者加上数词来进行限定。 ①不定冠词：a/an，通常表示一，但是不强调数目，翻译时注意； eg：Germany is a European country. ②定冠词：表示特定或特指
eg：Is this the book that you are looking for?
定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象：如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物 the+名词：表示全部或者整体
eg：Do you know who invented the computer？
用于乐器或专有名词前，如play the piano、the Thames 2． 不可数名词：
通常是物质名词或者抽象名词, 其前可以不加任何东西，若有特指，可以加the. 前面可以加单位词，进行分类： 常见单位词：
①a piece of +advice /bread /cloth /fortune /information /music/muse ②a bit of、an item of、an article of 名词在翻译中遇到的问题：
（1）不可数名词与可数名词间的转换形式： eg：water＆waters（水域、海洋），sand＆sands（沙滩），wood＆woods（树林），goods（商品），ash与ashes（废墟） (2)名词的格：.s以及of 逻辑语义：
Rachel：I.m Carol.s ex-husband's sister's roommate.
Doctor：I.m your roommate's brother's ex-wife's obstetrician. (产科医生) ——老友记
of: 理清逻辑语义，翻译方法： “A of B”翻译成“B的A”
The coming of age of post-war baby boom brought remarkable influence upon American society. 特殊：China is proud of its five thousand years of the history and culture. （二）代词 1．人称代词
第一、二、三人称，主格、宾格、所有格 I, you, he, she, it, me, you, him, her, it, my, your, his, her, its. 2. 物主代词
①形容词性物主代词：my, your, his, her, our, their，后面加名词；
②名词性物主代词：mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs，后面不能加名词。 eg: May I borrow your pen? Mine is missing. 3.反身代词： 3
通过反身代词指代主语，使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。强调人称问题。 eg：I myself took Mary to the airport. I cooked it myself. 4. 指示代词：this, that, these, those
5. 不定代词：some，someone，something，any，anyone，anything，no，no one，nothing，all，both，neither，either，each，every，everybody，everyone，everything.
一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别 （1）all, each, every：
① all与every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物；all可以表示所有东西的总与，是一个不可分割的整体； each只能表示两个或两个以上的人，侧重个体； （2）everyone＆every one
everyone等同于everybody，all people ，指的是所有的人； eg：Everyone thinks they have the right to be here.
every one既可以指人，也可以指物，强调一个个体，通常用every one of ； eg：Every one of us has faults and shortcomings.
Every one of the films we have shown this year has been a succes. （3）no one＆none
no one 只能指人，none既可以指人，也可以指物，none后面还可以接of； eg：No one failed the examination.
None of the students failed the examination. it 的用法
（1）指代人，通常用于口语中； （2）书面语：
① it 用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气等 eg：It's three years since I saw him. ② it 用来前指或者后指
eg：I've lost my book. Where is it？
There is no doubt about it that he was a fine teacher. ③ it 做形式主语
eg：Is it possible to learn typewriting very quickly？
④ it 做形式宾语，通常放在谓语动词与宾语补足语（形容词）之间，真正的宾语放在宾补之后
常见动词有：feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, think, suppose, regard eg：She thinks it no use telling me.
He has made it clear that he wouldn't agree to the plan. ⑤ it 用于强调句，构成句型It's…that/who… 如何区分强调句中的it与形式主语中的it？ eg：It's clear that they have won.
如果It's与that去掉后，剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子，就是强调句；否则，即为形式主语。
（三） 数词
数词分为基数词与序数词
1. 表示大约的词汇：about，approximately，around，roughly，some，more or less, or so; 4
eg：About 200 people were killed in the crash. The town is 5 Miles or so from here.
2. 表示多于的词汇：above，more than, over
3. 表示少于，不到的词汇：almost，below，less than, under eg：It's 2:57, and it's almost 3 o'clock
4. 一些可以直接表示数字的单词： dozen、score、decade、hundred、thousand、million
这些词前面出现基数词，表示确切的数时，不能加复数；若不能表明确切数字，只是说大约有多少的时候，以上这些词不可以加确切的基数词，但是可以将其变为复数，后加of； eg：There are millions of kinds of matter in the world. （四）形容词与副词
. 形容词还可以做表语，放在be动词之后；
. 英语中有一些词语作表语与作定语时，含义会有所不同： （1）certain：
作定语时，表示特定的: eg: A certain Mr. Wang just came here to look for you. 作表语时，表示当然的，一定，相当于be sure； （2）complete：
作定语时，表示完全的:
作表语时，表示完成的或完美的； （3）ill：
作定语时，表示坏的； 作表语时，表示有病的； （4）late:
作定语时，表示已故的；
作表语时，表示晚的、迟到的； （5）ready：
作定语时，表示现成的；
作表语时，表示准备好的、愿意做……； （6）present：
作定语时，表示目前的，相当于current； 作表语时，表示出席，参加； . the+形容词：表示一类人；
eg: the old, the poor, the blind, the rich, the young, the wounded
. 通常由副词构成，副词可以修饰动词，形容词，乃至整个句子；
. 副词通常是褒义的，有部分是有否定含义的，常见否定含义副词有seldom，hardly，rarely，scarcely；
. 其它副词通常是表示肯定的概念； . 形容词与副词的比较级：
（1）一些没有比较级的形容词与副词：
①单词本身的含义是表示比……年长、比……优秀、比……优等时，没有比较级概念； 如supreme，inferior，junior，senior，prior ，后面搭配的介词一般是to，而不用than.
②有些单词本身的含义即是最，独一无二，没有比较级概念； 如absolute，entire，excellent，favorite，final.
（2）同级比较与异级比较：
①同级比较：as…as…/…times as… 5
②异级比较： （倍数或修饰词，表示多或少）+比较级+than
常见的修饰比较级的词有：much、still，even，by far，a bit，a little, a good deal或者倍数； eg：The photography of Mars taken by satellite are much clearer than those taken from earth. ③比较级特殊用法词汇：
more…than…： eg：He is more clever than honest.
the+比较级：越来越…… eg：The harder you work, the more you will learn. 谓语
. 实义动词
① 及物动词 watch, see ② 不及物动词 sit . 系动词 ① be动词；
② 一些实义动词用作系动词：feel, taste, smell等； 简单句的五种形式：
（1）主语+谓语 (不及物动词）；
（2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语； （3）主语+谓语+宾语+补语；
（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语； （5）主语+系动词+表语。 谓语动词形式一: 英语时态 1. 一般现在时
（1）表示经常性、习惯性的动作； eg：I get up at 7 o' clock in the morning. I leave school for home at 6 every evening. （2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实；
eg：The teacher told us: the earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 2. 一般过去时
两种变化形式：在动词后加ed或不规则变化的动词； 在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态：
常用时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等； eg：Did you go to Shanghai last week? 补充：used to/be used to
一般过去式与过去完成时的对比： （1）过去完成时：过去的过去；
eg：Before I came to Beijing, I had stayed in Shanghai.
① 一个句子里有两个谓语动词，一个发生在前，一个发生在后，发生在前的用一般过去时，发生在后的用过去完成时；
eg：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
② 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示\"原本…，却未能…\"
eg：We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 6
We had thought that he would take part in the competition，but he didn't. 3. 一般将来时
（1）shall/will, shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替; eg：Which paragraph shall I read first？
（2）be going to +不定式，表示将来；表示要发生的事情有了预先的计划、准备或有迹象表明要发生；
eg：What are you going to do tomorrow? What will you do this afternoon? will表示纯粹的将来；
（3）be +不定式：表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事； eg：We are to/will discuss the report next Saturday.
（4）be about to +不定式：意为马上做某事，后面不可以接时间状语； eg：He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：
（1） 一般现在时有时也可表将来；
eg：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
① 趋向性动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
eg：When does the bus star? It starts in ten minutes. ② 在时间或条件句中，用一般现在时表将来； eg：I'll write to you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.
（2）现在进行时也可表将来：通常用于口语，翻译为打算……； come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等词可以用进行时表将来； --- I am leaving for some important thing. --- OK, see you. 4. 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果对现在造成影响。 （1）过去发生的动作发生到现在，刚刚完成；
（2）从过去发生的动作，发生到现在，刚刚告一段落，但是后面会继续发生； eg：I have just finished my homework. It has rained for 3 days.
过去时与现在完成时的区别：
（1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 eg：I came to Beijing in 1995. I have stayed in Beijing since 1995.
（2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与段的时间状语连用，或无时间状语；
一般过去时常用时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October…（具体时间） 现在完成时常用时间状语：for, since, so far…（长期的段时间） eg：He had dinner with me yesterday. I have played basketball for 3 hours. （3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know；过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等； 7
eg：He got married two years ago. I have lived in Beijing for 10 years. 用于现在完成时的句型
（1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late.
（2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 典型例题
---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。 since与for的用法：
since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度;
eg：I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born.
for后面多接一段时间，而since后面则接一个时间点，若since后面也出现时间段，则在时间段后加ago；
eg： I have lived here since twenty years ago. 错句：I have worked here since many years. since句型：It is +一段时间+ since从句，since从句要用一般过去时； eg：It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. It is three years since I joined the army.
5. 进行时态：一般进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时； 6. 现在完成进行时：have/has+been+doing 现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别： eg：It has rained for 3 days. It has been raining for 3 days.
现在完成时不强调某一动作在某段时间内持续发生，现在完成进行时表示某一时间段内某动作持续发生。
eg：I have been learning English for 5 years. I have been learned English for 5 years. 谓语动词形式二:被动语态 be+动词过去分词；
eg Forests have been cleared. They were given a warm send off.
Their wedding will be held in the church. 不强调施动者，而只强调受动者； eg：The book was written 20 years ago. 主动形式表示被动意思
①某些既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词用的动词，在他们作不及物动词用时，可以用主动 8
形式表示被动意思，如write, wash, wear, sell, cut, tear（撕），burn, play等，常与它们连用的词为well, easily, smoothly等。如The coat washes well.这件大衣很耐洗。 ②在be worth doing句型中表示被动含义，如The book is worth reading
③在need, want, require等后的动名词表示被动含义，如The flowers need watering.
④感官动词如feel, taste, smell, look等主动形式表示被动含义，如The fish tastes good. ⑤短语run out, wear out, give out等主动形式表被动含义，如My socks have worn out. 谓语动词形式三:情态动词+动词 情态动词是指它含有一定的含意，可以表达某种感情与说话的口气，但是它不可以单独使用作谓语动词。
情态动词主要包括can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would, dare, need, have to, used to, had better, would rather等。 1. 情态动词+动词原形 I can swim across the river.
He should help the poor in the remote areas.
You'd better take your parents' advice if you want to fulfill your dream. 2. could/might+ have +动词过去分分词 ※特殊语言现象：虚拟语气 would +have +过去分词 should + have + 过去分词 英语复合句
（一） 定语从句：用于关系词引导句子修饰名词 A构成：
定语从句的形式 I know the girl.
The girl comes from Beijing.
I know the girl who comes from Beijing. 定语从句三步骤
① 先找出两个句子中相同的名词
② 判断名词是人还是物，人who/that 物 which/that ③ 将who/that/which引导的句子放于相同的名词后面 I like reading books.
The books were written by O. Henry.
I like reading books which/that were written by O. Henry. 不能用which，只能用that
① 前面的先行词是不定代词，包括all，anything，nothing，the one， much，little等； eg：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Lee has said ? ② 如果先行词中出现了the only, the very等； eg：This is the only way that we can think out.
③ 如果先行词中出现了序数词与形容词最高级； eg：This is the best film that I have ever seen. 9
④ 如果先行词中即有人，又有物；
eg：They are talking about the school and the teachers that they visited yesterday. 1. 谓语动词（结构）与后面的介词有两种关系：关系紧密＆关系疏远 look + for 寻找 关系紧密 look + at 看 关系疏远
2. 定语从句中如果谓语结构与介词关系紧密，则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面，不能做任何位置的改动；如果谓语结构与介词关系疏远，介词一般提到which/ who的前面；
This is the book which you are looking for. This is the book at which you are looking. This is the book which you are interested in. This is the book in which you are interested. This is the book which you asked for. 3. 关系代词与关系副词 Beijing is the place. I was born in the place.
-Beijing is the place which I was born in. -Beijing is the place in which I was born .
定语从句中，如果介词+which表示地点，则可以用where替换； Beijing is the place where I was born. eg:
I can't forget the day.
I join the army on the day.
I can.t forget the day which I joined the army.
I can.t forget the day on which I joined the army. (when) 判断关系代词与关系副词的方法
（1）不管是关系代词还是关系副词，都取决于从句中的谓语动词；
若该谓语动词为及物动词，则一定使用关系代词；若该谓语动词为不及物动词，且其后没有介词，则一定使用关系副词；
eg：I will never forget the days _____ I worked together with you. (on which/when) I will never forget the days _____ I spent in the countryside. (which) （2）通过判断先行词在定语从句中的成分
Is this the museum （that） you visited a few days ago? the museum：充当visit的宾语 Is this the museum (in which/where) the exhibition was held?
关系代词: 前面句子里的先行词也要在后面的句子里充当主语或者宾语的成分； 介词+which: 恰好表示时间与地点，可以替换成when，where这样的关系副词； B分类：
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句
(1) 非限定性定语从句：先行词（即名词）后有一个逗号；
In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers who come from Australia.（限定性定语从句）
In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers， who come from Australia.（非限定性定语从句） 限定性定语从句：定语从句与关系词关系非常紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思会改变； 非限定性定语从句：定语从句与关系词关系不是很紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思不 新东方在线 [ ]网络课堂电子教材系列 10
会改变，定语从句只起到补充说明的意义； I have a sister who is a nurse. I have a sister, who is a nurse. （2）非限定性定语从句： ①先行词是前面的整句话；
eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation. We will spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, which was decided last year.
This is the house, which we bought last month. ② 非限定性定语从句引导词which/as：
which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as则只能放在句子前面； eg: Smoking is harmful to our heath, which we know. As we know, smoking is harmful to our heath.
eg：Alice received an invitation from her boss, _____ came as a surprise . A. It B. that C. as D. which C定语从句的划分
There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.
Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.
In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention. A driver who is driving the bus mustn.t talk with others or be absent-minded. The police explained that the difficulties which they faced were too severe. D 定语从句省略（分词作定语） 关系词充当宾语的时候
I know the boy who the teacher praised just now.
The police explained that the difficulties which they faced were too severe. 关系词充当主语
The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder.
Databases used by some companies don.t rely on data collected systematically. Hamilton isn.t the only educator crossing the Atlantic.
Career experts say that one of the ways (that) job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities.
职业专家说求职者用因特网找工作时保持安全的一个方法是隐瞒其真实身份。
That are causing companies to Interest in pursuing international careers has soared in recent years, enhanced by chronic personnel shortages search beyond their home borders for talent.
Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at annual rate of 3.9 percent, form 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. (二) 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句；
定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子，且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等成分；
1．同位语从句：对前面名词的进一步解释
I know the man, the president of the NewOrientalSchool. 英语中的简单句：陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句。 11
Eg： He is a student. Are you a student? Who is a student?
同位语从句：关系词不再与前面的名词有关系，而是取决于后面的从句； eg： I know the fact. He is a student.
I know the fact that he is a student. eg： I have a question. Are you a student?
I have a question whether you are a student. eg： I have a question. who is a student?
I have a question who is a student. 同位语从句的构成
① 从句仍然接在名词之后，名词有可能为answer，belief，concept，explanation，fact，hope, message, news, promise, question, thought等 形式：名词+从句；
连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式； 如果是陈述句，直接加that引导；
一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上whether或者if； 特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序； The news soon spread the whole school. They had won the game.
The news that they had won the game soon spread the whole school. 定语从句与同位语从句的区别
That在后面的从句中充当成分，为宾语从句，不充当成分，为同位语从句。 区分：
The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good. The suggestion that she has given in the meeting is good.
The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation's moral climate, says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago, is the reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it. 2．宾语从句
从句部分的连词取决于从句时一般疑问句、特殊疑问句还是陈述句； eg：We must find out who did all these. I want to know weather he will come. I hope that he will come. 宾语从句的时态：
如果宾语从句前的动词是过去式，则宾语从句的时态应相应变成过去时态； 例如 My teacher told that we would go there. 如果宾语从句是客观事实或真理，不管宾语从句前的动词时什么时态，宾语从句都用一般现在时；
例如My teacher told that the earth is round.
宾语从句后接陈述句用that引导，that一般可以省略,例如 I think (that) you are right.
宾语从句如果谓语动词是doubt，后面接的一般疑问句通常用whether或if引导；如果前面 12
的谓语动词是don't doubt，则后面从句的连接词一定是that；
宾语从句如果谓语动词是wonder，句型为I wonder if，后面的连接词不能用whether； 宾语从句的否定转移：think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式； 3．表语从句
若从句为陈述句，直接加that；
若从句为特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序；
若从句为一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上whether或者if； China is no longer what she used to be.
The question is who is responsible for what has happened.
（2002 text3） One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that it hasn.t occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. （2000）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams. 4．主语从句
That the college will take in more students is true. . Weather he will come or not hasn't been decided. . Why he isn't here is not clear to everyone. it 做形式主语的情况
（1）It is+名词+主语从句；
eg：It is a pity that you should have to leave. （2）It is+形容词+主语从句；
eg：It is clear that the whole project is due to failure.
如果是It is necessary /important /strange /natural+that引导的主语从句，从句中的谓语动词一定要用should+动词原形；
eg：It is necessary that one should master the skills of operating computer. (3) It is+过去分词+主语从句； It is said /planed/expected…
eg：It is said that President Bush will visit our school next week. (4) It +不及物动词+形容词表语形式+主语从句 eg：It seemed certain that he will win the prize. 从句判别
Whether she will come or not is unknown. It is unknown whether he will come or not. I don't know whether he will come or not. The question is whether he will come or not.
The question whether he will come or not is not settled.
__________(很多人没有意识到的)is that Simon is a lover of sports , and football in particular . （What many people don't realize）
In my sixties, one change I notice is ___________ (我比以前更容易累了). (that I feel tired more easily than before)
Your resume should attract a would-be boss's attention by demonstrating _____ (为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选).
(why you would be the best candidate for a certain position)
Since my childhood I have found that ________ (没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力). (nothing is more attractive/appealing to me than reading) 新东方在线 [ ]网络课堂电子教材系列 13
A great many people hold the idea _______. (中文学起来其实很有趣) (that Chinese is actually interesting to learn) （三） 非谓语动词 作主语
作表语 作宾语 （1）to do (2) + doing
acknowledge，admit, advocate, appreciate, avoid, enjoy, delay, escape, deny, consider, mind, miss, finish, resist, imagine, postpone, practice, suggest, prevent, keep, quit (3)有些动词后使用动名词与动词不定式作宾语的差别 1) forget 2）stop 3）remember 4) regret 5）try 6) mean (4) + do
1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。
feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到 watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知notice注意 see看见hear听
On seeing the young child fell into the lake, Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue. 2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。 固定句型
1）It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time...)等名词+doing sth. It is no use crying over the spilt milk. It is no good objecting.
It is a great fun playing football．
2) It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth． It is useless speaking.光说没用。
It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。
It is good playing chess after supper. 晚饭后弈棋挺好。 （四） 状语从句 状语从句：两个独立的句子中间用一些含义不同的连接词连接；状语从句用来表达两个句子之间的逻辑关系；分成原因状语、条件状语、结果状语、时间状语、地点状语、让步状语、目的状语、比较状语、方式状语等九大类型； eg：I got up late. I was late for school.
Because I got up late, I was late for school. （原因状语从句） I got up late，so I was late for school. （结果状语从句） 1. 地点状语从句
(1) 通常由where, wherever，everywhere 引导； eg：Where I live there are plenty of trees.
Wherever you work, you will gain much valuable experience as long as you are willing to work. Wherever=no matter where
Everywhere they went, they were warmly received. 14
(2) where：不能翻译成在……地方时，通常翻译为如果，表示在……条件下； eg: Where you are confident，you will succeed. Where there is a will, there is a way.
eg：Where previously the bank had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects , such as dams, roads and bridges，it begin to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country.
2. 方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, as if, as though，the way引导 （1）as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是\"正如…\"，\"就像\" eg：When you enter Rome, do as the Romans do . （2）as if/though：“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”; 有时用虚拟语气，有时不用； eg：They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. （与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. （与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. （实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
eg：Al Gore calls global warming an “inconvenient truth,” as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution.
（3）the way：可以连接两个句子，表达就像……一样 eg：I should do the job the way my father did.
Many Europeans now apparently view the US the way many Americans view Mexican as a cheap place to vacation, shop and party. 3. 目的状语从句
可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导；
(1) lest= for fear that 以防；从句中的谓语动词必须用should+动词原形； eg: He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. He took the umbrella with him lest it should rain.
(2) in case：以防；与lest不同，从句里时态不做特殊变化 eg：Take the umbrella with you in case it rains.
(2003. 35) In these activities，it is important to remember that young teens have short attention span. A Variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they wan t and then go On to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down. .
A. if only B. now that C. so that D. even if 4. 结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导；so保留，that可以省略；如此……以至于……；
Eg：He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.
He made such an inspiring speech that everybody got excited. 比较：so与 such
（1）so +形容词、副词+that；so+形容词+a/an+名词+that eg：The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. 15
He ran so fast that I couldn't catch up with him. It was so hot a day that crops wilted.
He is so lovely a boy that everyone loves him. （2）such + a/an+形容词+名词+that
eg：It was such a hot day that crops wilted. He is such a lovely boy that everyone loves him. 5. 比较状语从句
than, as…as…，not so as…,（not) the same as
eg：Light travels faster than sound. the+比较级：
eg：The sooner，the better.
a. (2005.46) Never before has television served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.
b. Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and are kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school - the prophecy（预言) becomes self- fulfilling, trapping women in a vicious circle (恶性循环) of neglect.
c. (2007text 7）Few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.
d. (2000Text4) In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. 倍数类：
a. (2000Text 1) After the end of the Second World War, the US had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled (无与伦比的 ) economies of scale.
b. (2003Text3) Railroads typically charge the shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. 6. 时间状语从句
（1）当……的时候：while, when, as ； when：
eg：When I was watching TV, my mother came back. while：
eg：My father is cooking while my mother is reading newspaper. as：
eg：As time went by, the days became longer and longer.
（2）一……就……：as soon as , directly，immediately, instantly连接两个句子；一些名词如the minute，the moment, the instant也可表示；
eg：I will write to you the moment/minute I arrived in Paris. 另：no sooner… than, hardly… when后面的句子需要倒装
eg. Hardly had he seen me when he ran away. 他一看到我就跑开了。 eg. No sooner had they reached home than it rained more and more heavily. 他们一 到家，雨就越下越大起来。 （3）till＆until：
① 肯定形式表示的意思是\"做某事直至某时\"，动词必须是延续性的；
否定形式表达的意思是\"直至某时才做某事\"，一般用until，动词为延续性或非延续性都 16 可以；
eg: I slept until midnight. Wait till I call you.
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.
② till可用于句首，而until通常不用于句首，通常用于句中； eg. I had heard nothing of what happened until you told me. “not. . . until\"的四种不同句式：
a. 正常句式 We didn.t go home until we finished our homework.
b. Until在句首 _________________________________________ c. 倒装句式 d. 强调句式 ★倒装
总共分为两种形式：全部倒装与部分倒装
全部倒装:主谓宾构成了正常的语序，把谓语动词提到了动词的前面，谓语动词直接发生在主语之前，那么就是全部倒装。 1）全部倒装的情况：
①当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go，come等时通常用全部倒装。 如果是进行时态的话，倒装后要改为一般现在时。 The bus is coming here.
Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.
② 如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部倒装 The old man lives in the city center. A temple stands on the mountain.
③ 当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，可以把现在分词或过去分词与地点状语联系在一起放在句首，把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。 A boy aged about 18 was lying on the floor. A boy aged about 18 lies on the floor.
A group of young people are sitting on the ground. eg. 300名日本青年正在访问北京。
300 Japanese young people are visiting Beijing.
2）部分倒装的形式: 主谓宾保持原来的形式，谓语动词的助动词放到主语的前面。 1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，这个句子就需要部分倒装
这类词语有hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, never, few, little, less, at no time, by no means, in no case, under no circumstance, in no way, on no account, on no consideration, no longer, not only等。
eg. He never smokes. 他从来不抽烟。
eg. Not only did the customer complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it. 2、当句首为only加状语的时候，这个句子需要部分倒装。 eg. Only with you can I feel happy.
3、so......that 结构中的so位于句首时，常引起部分倒装 eg. He runs so fast that I can't catch up with him.
eg. The moon was so bright that the flowers bright as by day. 4、as 表示虽然的意思。 17
eg. Although I am young, I can live by myself. Although I like music very much, .... 5. 虚拟语气的倒装
Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern business people who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. 与新技术息息相关的是一些现代商人，他们日益看重国外生意的经济价值。
Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, which is harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. 萃取自加拿大纽芬兰沿岸冰山的“冰水”在北
美的受欢迎程度一再创出新高。
Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes, it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers/malls. 公路系统不但为美国经济的发展提供了运输路线，还带动了一批诸如加油站、汽车旅馆、酒店、购物中心等相关行业的发展。
Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for depression and other psychological and social issues related to chronic pain. 我们不仅要找出疼痛的病因，帮助我们更好地治疗；还要提供综合疗法，治疗与慢性疼痛相关的抑郁症与其他心理与社交问题。
Had I not attended this workshop, I would have automatically assumed the man was the best candidate because the position required quite a bit of extensive travel. 如果我不是参加了这次讲习班，我肯定会不由自主地认为那位男士候选人更合适，因为我们这个空缺的岗位需要频繁出差。
It is said that never before has man been so highly successful in his attempts to modify the weather on a very small scale. 据说人们从来没有过这么大的成功尝试用这么小的规模去描述气候。 7. 条件状语从句
（1）连接词：if, once, as long as, on condition that ① 如果引导的条件可以实现，主将从现；
② 如果引导的条件与事实相反，则用虚拟语气； eg：If winter comes can.t spring be far behind? As long as it doesn't rain, we can play.
You can go out on condition that you wear an overcoat. if only：只要；only if: 只有
The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me 3 she could remember who last borrowed it.
A. ever since B. much as C. even though D. if only 8. 原因状语从句 连接词：
because, since, as, for, now that, in that, owing to, due to, thanks to, because of , as a result of; 比较：because, since, as与for
(1) because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didn't go, because I was afraid. 18
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
(2) 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today. now that：既然；
in that :因为，通常只能放在句中，强调重要的，唯一的的原因；
eg：Now that this semester is finished, I am going to rest a few days and take a trip. Human beings are different from animals in that human can speak and think.
owing to, due to, thanks to, because of , as a result of等短语后面只能接词或短语，不能接从句；
eg. (1995语法)Hydrogen(氢元素) is the fundamental element of the universe __ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced. A. so that B. but that C. in that D. provided that
Eg. (1996.46 ) Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon(碳元素)，hydrogen，oxygen(氧元素)，and sometimes nitrogen(氮元素)．They are different__ their elements are arranged differently. A. in that B. so that C. such that D. except that
Eg. (2004.22) Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds (违法行为) or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others. A. before B. unless C. until D. because 9. 让步状语从句
常见的连接词有though, although, as, while, even though 区分though，although，as
eg：Although/though he is a child, he can live by himself. as 表示虽然的时候，要进行倒装；
Child as/though he is , he can live by himself.
eg：Although/though she works very hard ,she makes very little progress.
Although/though she is young, she has traveled to many countries to put shows . while：连接两个句子，表示虽然，但是； eg：He is experienced while he is young.
While there.s no question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you.re able to rise to the occasion can be good for you. 补充：
★as的用法
1、as作介词，表示作为，一般情况下后面只能接一个名词； eg. She works as a doctor.
As a League member, I'll take the lead in everything.
2、as作关系代词，as引导这样的从句一般最好是放在句子的开头；
eg. The moon travels round the earth once every month, which is known to everybody. As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. （主语从句） 19
Eg. As we have seen，the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease —— especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking and failure to exercise. 3、as 充当连词来构成状语从句； ① 时间状语从句（当.....的时候），
eg. As the summer comes, the day becomes shorter and shorter. ②原因状语从句（表示显而易见的原因），与since 在用法上保持一致。 eg. As she was not feeling well, we all told her to stay at home. ③让步状语从句，although 引导的句子可以转换成as 的用法 eg. Although the graph is simple. Simple as the graph is. ④方式状语从句（就像....一样；正如....一样）；
eg. Do as the instruction says. ⑤比较状语从句 eg. I'm as tall as you. 4、as短语： as long as 只要； such as 例如 ；
as soon as 一....就...... ; so as to 为了； as if 好像；
as though 好像； just as 正如；
10. 状语从句的省略 分词作状语； 独立主格结构
在状语从句中，若前后主从句主语一致，则省略从句的主语，将后面的动词发生形式上的变化，主动语态变成ing形式，若是被动语态，则变为ed 形式。 （1）条件：状语从句，前后主语一致
（2）形式：分词作状语在句首+分词作状语在句后
（3）省略方式：关系词（可保留）+动词形式变化（-ing/-ed） Eg. When [As soon as] the mouse saw the cat, it ran off. Given more time, I would be able to complete it. Reading the letter，she burst out crying.
另：分词短语做状语时，可以保留相应的连词 Eg. After having annoyed everybody, he went home.
Although exhausted by the walk，he continued his journey.
Eg. When _______ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared
Eg. ______ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face
Eg. (1998语法)He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society，——insufficiently(不够地)popular with all members. 20
A. being considered B. considering
C. to be considered D. having considered
Eg. (1992语法)_____of the burden of ice，the balloon climbed up and drifted c0 the south. A. To be free B. Freeing C. To free D. Freed
Eg. (1999Text 1)Feeling threatened，companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels，trying to anticipate every possible accident.
Eg. (2004. 64)Being interested in the relationship of language and thought，Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. 独立结构的构成：
只有当分词短语的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，我们才能用独立结构。
独立结构只用做状语，多用于书面语言。 Part Two长难句分析 第一部分 单句分析 1、 长难句拆分原则：
把主句与从句拆分出来，把主干部分与修饰部分拆分出来。 2、 五个拆分信号：
①连词：并列句的并列连词and，or，but，yet，for；从句的从属连词which，that，when，if等。
②介词：引导介词短语，充当修饰语。
③不定式符号to：引导不定式做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语与补语。 ④分词：过去分词与现在分词充当修饰语。 ⑤标点符号：或显或隐隔离主干
—— 两个逗号或破折号形成插入语、破折号解释说明、分号两句并列。 插入语
插入语通常是说话者对所表达意思的一种补充、强调、解释或者是说话人的一种态度。它的位置比较灵活，常常会用逗号或者破折号与其他部分隔开，但是在语法上不会影响其他成分。 例1 _____the more expensive the camera， the better its quality. A. General speaking B. Speaking general C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally
小结：许多分词短语可以用作插入语，这样的分词短语有：strictly speaking（严格地说），generally considering（一般认为）， judging from……（根据……判断）等。 例2 Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea. ____，neither of them could swim. A. In fact B. Luckily C. Unfortunately D. Naturally
小结：常用作插入语的副词或副词短语有：indeed（的确），surely（无疑），frankly（坦率地说），obviously（显然），naturally（天然地），luckily for sb.（算某人幸运），fortunately（幸好），briefly（简单地说）等。 21
例3 Your performance in the driving test didn.t reach the required standard，_____， you failed. A. in the end B. after all
C. in other words D. at the same time
小结：常用作插入语的介词短语有：in conclusion（总之），in a word（简而言之），in short（简而言之），in general（一般说来），in a sense（在某种意义上），in my view（在我看来），in his opinion（按照他的看法），in fact（事实上），at first（首先）， in addition（此外），of course（当然），to my surprise（使我惊奇的），to her regret（使她遗憾的），for example（例如）等。 例4 It is so nice to hear from her. _____，we last met more than thirty years ago. A. What.s more B. That is to say C. In other words D. Believe it or not
小结：用简短的句子结构作插入语，它们常置于句中或句末。这类简短的句子有：I am sure
（我可以肯定地说），I believe（我相信），do you know（你知道吗），you see（你明白），I.m afraid（恐怕），it is said（据说），I suppose（我想），what.s more（而且），what.s worse（更糟糕的是），that is（也就是说），what is important（重要的是）等。
（2009）While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. (插入结构) 例句：
Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree, is by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world.s favorite academic title: the MBA (Master of Business Administration). 3. 五步拆分步骤：
①隔离插入成分，寻找特殊标点
②寻找连词，确定句子种类——并列句，主从句； ③寻找句中的动词或动词结构
④确定整句框架——标出主句主干部分及从属连词； ⑤确定从句框架——标出从句主谓部分； **⑥分別翻译——主从句分别进行翻译； **⑦词句推敲——中文语言进行表述。 注：**部分为翻译要求步骤。
(2001.74 ) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: \"It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.\"
(1994Text1) Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. (33words) 22
(2007Text3) Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance—have jumped eightfold in just one generation. 并列句
(1999.75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
(1999.74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
(2000) Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
名词性从句：
(2005Textl)Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
(2011）For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.
(1995.72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
(1997.72）Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. 定语从句：
(2008Text2) The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality.
（2011）The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.
(2008Text4) They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.
(2008Text4) Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.
状语从句
(1999.71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the 新东方在线 [ ]网络课堂电子教材系列 23
significant events of the past.
(2002.65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
(2008Text3) Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.
(2008Text3) Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today's people — especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations — apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. 其他：
(200l 完形) The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy Up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.
(1998）Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too—and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday.s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years. (倒装结构)
(2001）Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. (否定结构) 否定
. 双重否定
在阅读当中出现的频率更高一些。在一个句子中出现两个否定词：not, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, few, little, none等，双重否定表示肯定的概念。 eg. No one can command others who cannot command himself. . 形式否定，意义肯定
eg. A man can never have too many ties.
eg. We can hardly praise his achievement too much. eg. A mother can never be patient enough with her child. . 形式肯定，意义否定
①more A than B 意思为“是A 不是B ；与其说是B ，不如说是A” eg. The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar. eg. He is more a composer than a singer.
② anything but 意思为“一点都不是，根本不是，绝对不是” eg. I am anything but a teacher. 我一定不是一个老师。 eg. I will do anything but that. 我决不干那件事。 ③ no more .... than与 not more ....than no more ...than意为“两者都不....”
eg. This book is no more interesting than that one. 这本书与那本书一样特别没趣。 not more....than 意为“两者都肯定，前者不如后者”
eg. This book is not more interesting than that one. 这本书不如那本书有趣。 . 部分否定&全部否定 eg. All the birds can not fly. None of the birds can fly.
代词或副词如all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere等与not搭配使用时，表示部分否定，意思为“并非都是\"等。 24
eg. All is not gold that glitters. 发光的并非都是金子。 = Not all is gold that glitters. 省略：
(2005Text2) Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain?
(2003) Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure.
(2003) It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. 第二部分 段落分析 段落一
The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. 段落二
Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past.
For example, in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization — with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the government concerned. As a result, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
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