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I． Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement
1. Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of _________construct. A. sound B. form C. morpheme D. root
2. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.
A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal
3. The prefixes in the words of irresistible, nonclassical and apolitical are called _______.
A. reversative prefixes B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 4. Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.
of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames
5. The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.
prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size
C. prefixes of time and order D. miscellaneous prefixes 6. The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.
A. noun suffixes B. verb suffixes C. adverb suffixes D. adjective suffixes 7. The suffixes in words heighten, symbolize are ________.
A. noun suffixes B. verb suffixes C. adverb suffixes D. adjective suffixes 8. A word is the combination of form and ________. A. spelling B. writing C. meaning D. denoting 9. Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.
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A. English only B. Chinese only C. all natural languages D. some natural languages
10. From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word . A. linguistic B. diachronic C. synchronic D. traditional
11. _______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection
12. One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______. A. spelling B. pronunciation C. etymology D. usage 13. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______.
A. hyponymy B. synonymy C. polysemy D. antonymy 14. Composition and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.
A. absolute synonyms B. relative synonyms C. relative antonyms D. contrary antonyms 15. As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employed in a conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule. A. homographs B. homophones C. absolute homonyms D. antonyms
16 Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.
A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal
17. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.
A. content B. notional C. empty D. new
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18. The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Celtic D. Anglo-Saxon 19.
The prefixed contained in unwrap, de-compose and disallow are _________. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 20. ________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and forehead. A. Prefixes of orientation and attitude B. Prefixes of time and order C. Locative prefixes D. Prefixes of degree or size 21． The suffixes in words heighten, symbolize are ________.
A. noun suffixes B. verb suffixes C. adverb suffixes D. adjective suffixes 22. A word is the combination of form and ________. A. spelling B. writing C. meaning D. denoting
23. Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexical meaning in particular.
A. arbitrary meaning B. conceptual meaning
C. associative meaning D. grammatical meaning
24. From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word . A. linguistic B. diachronic C. synchronic D. traditional
25. _______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection
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26. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its
first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning. A. Derivation B. Radiation C. Inflection D. Concatenation
important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.
A. spelling B. pronunciation C. etymology D. usage 28. The antonyms: male and female are ______.
A. contradictory terms B. contrary terms C. relative terms D. connected terms
29. In Shakespearean line ‘rats and mice and such small deer’, deer obviously designates ‘_____’ in
general.
A. a doe B.. animal C. a deerlike animal D. buck
30 By hook and by crook is an example of ________.
31. A word is ______of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. A. a smallest form B. a minimal free form C. a constituent form D. a part 32. “Nature” in the word “denaturalization” is not_______________. A. free root B. free morphemes C. word D. bound root 33. Word formation excludes ________________.
A. affixation and compounding B. conversion and shortening C. chipping, acronymy and blending D. repetition and alliteration 34. For the word “political”, its negative form is “_____________”. A. apolitical B. ilpolitical C. inpolitical D. impolitical
35. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy.
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Generally, radiation __________________ concatenation. A. is behind B. precedes C. is with D. makes up for
36. The relationship between the sound and meaning of a word is _____________. A. logical B. arbitrary, conventional C. certain D. objective 37. The chief function of prefixation is to ______________ . A. change meanings of the stems B. change the word-class of the stem C. change grammatical function D. all the above
38. The grammatical meanings of a word refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationship such as ____________. A. part of speech of words B. singular and plural meaning of nouns C. tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms D. all the above 39. In the idiom “earn one’s bread”, ___________ is used. A. synecdoche B. personification C. metonymy D. simile
40. Homographs are words identical only in _____________ but different in two other aspects. A. sound B. meaning C. spelling D. sense II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions
1.. English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______. 2. Language study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______. 3. Now people generally refer to the language spoken by Anglo-Saxons as _______.
4. The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the history of the word explains the meaning of the word.
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5. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 6. According to suffixation theory, “villager” is called denominal noun and “employer” is called
__________ noun.
7. Lexical meaning and ___________ meaning make up the word meaning. 8. Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly ___________. 9. Narrowing of meaning is the opposite of ___________ meaning. 10. Linguistic context includes lexical context and __________.
11. As far as sentence types are concerned, they embrace declarative, interrogative, ________and exclamative sentences.
12. One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their ____, the second principal consideration is semantic relatedness.
13. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. The general words are called the _____terms and the more specific words are called _____.
14. In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______
15. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words. III. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. 1. Functional words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns. 2. “Nature” in the word “denaturalization” is a free root.
3. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation makes up for concatenation.
4. Back-formation is one of the three major processes of word formation in English
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5. The total number of functional words is very limited in English.
6. The meaning of a word, especially that of a polysemous word, is often determined by the context in which it appears.
7. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress. 8. All transitive verbs can be used in passive sentences.
9. Descriptive words can be used for evaluation in some contexts. 10. Words from different classes can form a semantic field.
11. The basic word stock of a language is changing rapidly all the time. 12. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. 13. Inflectional affixes have only grammatical meanings.
14. There is no intrinsic connection between sound symbols and the sense of all English words. 15. Homophones are words identical in spelling but different in meaning. 16. Root, stem and base refer to the same thing. 17. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are loan words.
18. “Impossible” expresses a stronger negation than “not possible”.
19. Acronymy and derivation are all processes of shortening words or word groups.
20. The three major processes of word-formation are compounding, blending and conversion. 21. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.
22. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. 23. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be logically related. 24. Prepositions, conjunctions, numerals and articles all belong to functional words.
25. Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words.
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26. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average. 27. The basic word stock enjoys the same features as native words.
28. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary. 29. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000. 30. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view. the word “persuader” means “dagger”(匕首）, it is regarded as an argot word. of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words. 33. The word “prisoners” has two morphemes.
34. A word is the minimal meaningful unit of a language.
35. The morphemes which are realized by only one morph are called allomorphs.
IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of synonyms(complete or partial synonyms); 2) origins of homonyms(acronymy, borrowing, homograph, homophone or change in sound and spelling) ; 3) processes of word-meaning development(radiation or concatenation).
A. acronymy B. homograph C. complete synonyms D. partial synonyms E. borrowing F. homophone G. change in sound and meaning H. radiation I. concatenation
( ) 2. word building/word formation ( ) 3. candidate ( ) 4. bow/bau/ and bow /beu/ ( ) 5. NOW ( ) 6. dear/ deer ( ) from ear ( ) 8. fair from feria ( )
9. bank /bank ( ) 10. change / alter/vary ( )
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V．Define the following terms .
1. word 2. bound morphemes 3. prefixation 4. hyponymy 5. polysemy 6. antonymy 7. hyponymy 8. free morpheme 9. affixation 10.. root
11．Affixes 12. Acronymy 13. Conversion 14. back-formation 15. semantic field VI．Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. 1. What are the stylistic features of idioms 2.. What are the main types of blendings
3.. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock Illustrate your points with examples.
4． What are the main types of compounds 5. What are the three main sources of new words
6. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.
earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a, never.
7 . Write the following words into a tree-like graph:
vegetable, meat, pork, beef, turnip, carrot, bread, food, cake, cornflakes, cereal.
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