tenor (subject): the concept, object, or person meant in a metaphor
vehicle (reference): a medium through which something is expressed, achieved, or displayed
Simile: A simile makes a comparison between two unlike things having at least one quality or characteristic in common. The two things compared must be dissimilar and the basis of resemblance is usually an abstract quality. The vehicle is almost always introduced by the word \"like\" or \"as\".
Self-criticism is as necessary to us as air or water. The water lay grey and wrinkled like an elephant's skin. My very thoughts were like the ghostly rustle of dead leaves. The bus went as slowly as a snail.
Her eyes were jet black, and her hair was like a waterfall.
The comparison is purely imaginative, that is, the resemblance between the two unlike things in that one particular aspect exists only in our minds, and not in the nature of the things themselves.
As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.
Metaphor: A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike things, but the comparison is implied rather than stated. Some say it the substitution of one thing for another, or the identification of two things from different ranges of thought. Contrary to a simile in which the resemblance between two unlike things is clearly stated, in a metaphor nothing is mentioned. It is often loosely defined as \"an implied comparison\
Metaphor is considered the most important and basic poetic figure and also the commonest the most beautiful. Snow clothes the ground.
The town was stormed after a long siege.
Boys and girls, tumbling in the streets and playing, were moving jewels.
Metaphor:
dark cavern, fairyland, maze, honeycomb, etc form a closely knit guild...
Simile:
a vast sombre cavern of a room
Onomatopoeia:
creak, squeak, rumble, grunt, sigh, groan, etc. tinkling, banging, clashing
Personification:
The Middle Easter bazaar takes you... dancing flashes
The beam sinks…taut and protesting
Hyperbole:
takes you ...hundreds even thousands of years
every conceivable, innumerable lamps, incredibly young, with the dust of centuries
Onomatopoeia:
creak:
(to make) the sound of a badly-oiled door when it opens When you move in a wooden bed, it creaks.
The hinge of the door needs oiling, it creaks every time it is opened.
squeak:
(to make) a short very high but not loud sound the squeak of a mouse
rumble:
(to make) a deep continuous rolling sound
The thunder / the big guns rumbled in the distance. I am hungry, my stomach is rumbling.
grunt:
(of certain animals, to make) short deep rough sounds in the throat, as if the nose were closed, such as the deep short sound characteristic of a hog, or a man making a similar sound expressing disagreement, boredom, irritation
sigh:
(to let out) a deep breath slowly and with a sound, usu. expressing tiredness, sadness, or satisfaction We all heaved a sigh of relief when the work was done.
groan:
(to make) a sound caused by the movement of wood or metal parts heavily loaded, (to make) a deep sound forced out by pain, or expressing despair The patient groaned as he was lifted on to the stretcher.
The ancient chair gave a groan when the fat woman sat down on it. The roof creaked and groaned under the weight of the snow.
第5课RHETORIC
Simile: a comparison between two unlike things having at least one quality or characteristic in common.
tenor: the subject of the comparison
Vehicle: the image of which this idea is conveyed
The vehicle is almost always introduced by the word \"like\" or \"as\". The bus (tenor) went as slowly similarity as a snail (vehicle). The water lay grey and wrinkled like an elephant's skin. Her eyes were jet black, and her hair was like a waterfall.
Metaphor: a comparison between two unlike things, but the comparison is implied rather than stated. Contrary to a simile in which the resemblance between two
unlike things is clearly stated, in a metaphor nothing is mentioned.
The essential form of a metaphor is X is Y, and all forms of metaphor can be condensed into this form. Snow clothes the ground.
Snow (X---tenor) is clothe (Y---vehicle).
Boys and girls, tumbling in the streets and playing, were moving jewels. Boy (X---tenor) is jewel (Y---vehicle) . The ship ploughed the sea.
Ship (X --- tenor) is plough (Y ---vehicle)
Metaphor: They will be rounded up in hordes. I see Russian soldiers standing on the threshold... Means of existence is wrung from the soil...
Metaphor: cataract of horrors
rid the earth of his shadow...liberate people from his yoke The scene will be clear for the final act.
Alliteration: dull, drilled, docile... for his hearth and home
with its clanking, heel-clicking...
Assonance: the use of the same or related, vowel sounds in successive words clanking, heel-clicking,…
cowing and tying ...plodding on like crawling locusts, ...smarting from many a British whipping... easier and safer prey
Repetition: We have but one aim and one single purpose nothing will turn us---nothing
We will never parley, we will never negotiate... This is our policy and this is our declaration as we shall faithfully and steadfastly
Parallelism: The past, with its crimes, its follies,
and its tragedies... I see,...I see...
the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector
We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air Any man or state... Any man or state... Let us... Let us...
Noun phrases: I had not the slightest doubt where ... With great rapidity and violence
Periodic sentences: When I awoke on...invasion of Russia. If Hitler imagines that... woefully mistaken.
第9课 Structural and stylistic analysis
Part 1: (the first para.) Introduction
The first paragraph serves as an introduction of the whole text. It provides an general appraisal of Mark Twain, the father of Hack and Tom, the nation's best-loved author, and the good news and bad news. The author adopted some rhetorical devices to illustrate
the picture, and also some very emphatic adjectives, adverbs, such as eternal, endless, every bit, profound, etc. The first paragraph is highly conclusive.
Part 2: (Tramp printer...renew our edges)
Section 1. (Tramp printer... the settled United States) the setting, background knowledge
Section 2. (Young Mark...that invented retreating)
early years of life on the Mississippi and as a Confederate guerrilla
Section 3. (He went west...best-seller.) On his way to success.
Section 4. (At the age...renew our edges.) Comment on his best works.
Part 3: (Personal tragedy...forget them forever.) Personal tragedy and conclusion.
Devices of figuration
Metaphor:
Mark Twain --- Mirror of America
saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...
main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart
the vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United States All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...
Steamboat decks teemed...main current of...but its flotsam When railroads began drying up the demand... ...the epidemic of gold and silver fever...
Twain began digging his way to regional fame...
Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles... ...took unholy verbal shots...
Simile:
Most American remember M. T. as the father of... ...a memory that seemed phonographic
Hyperbole:
...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom... The cast of characters... - a cosmos.
Parallelism:
Most Americans remember ... the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.
Personification:
life dealt him profound personal tragedies... the river had acquainted him with ... ...to literature's enduring gratitude...
...an entry that will determine his course forever... the grave world smiles as usual... Bitterness fed on the man... America laughed with him.
Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.
Antithesis:
...between what people claim to be and what they really are... ...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land...
...a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever
Euphemism:
...men's final release from earthly struggle
Alliteration:
...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home ...with a dash and daring...
...a recklessness of cost or consequences...
Metonymy:
...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxe
Synecdoche
Keelboats,...carried the first major commerce
第10课 RHETORIC
Metaphor:
No one,... that may case would snowball into... ...our town ...had taken on a circus atmosphere.
The street ...sprouted with ...
He thundered in his sonorous organ tones. ...champion had not scorched the infidels... …after the preliminary sparring over legalities… Simile:
...swept the arena like a prairie fire ...a palm fan like a sword...
Metonymy
...tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers... The Christian believes that man came from above. ...below.
Hyperbole:
The trial that rocked the world
Ridicule:
Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted ... Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.
Sarcasm:
There is some doubt about that.
Transferred epithet
Darrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder.
Antithesis
The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.
Assonance:
when bigots lighted faggots to burn...
Repetition:
The truth always wins...the truth...the truth... Pun:
Darwin is right --- inside.
A pun is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. It is not strictly a figure of speech, but because it relied heavily on metaphorical or figurative meanings of words for its effect, it if often included in lists of such figures.
a. Words or phrases having two or more distinct meanings. Homonyms.
Local carpenter seeks local dentist for trade of skills. \"I'll build your bridge, you build mine.\"
Standing at the door and looking at the newly employed young secretary, the two colleagues talked to each other. \"She is pure and too inexperienced. We ought to teach her what is right and what is wrong.\" \"Yea,\" said the other, \"you teach her what is right and I teach her what is wrong.\"
For a church outreach visitation program, I was paired with a rather reserved woman. We knocked on one house’s front door. Thinking no one was home, we started to walk away. Just then, a man wrapped in a bath towel, dripping wet, appeared at the upstairs window. “We hope you can visit our church sometime,” my partner called up. “We’d like to see more of you.”
b. words having the same or almost same sound but differing in form and meaning. Homophones.
Seven days without water makes one weak.
Then there was the man in the restaurant. \"You're not eating your fish,\" the waitress said to him. \"Anything wrong with it?\" \"Long time no see (sea),\" the man replied.
The major was about to address his men when the general came. The general talked to the soldiers and left. Then the major announced:\" The general had just made a general speech. Now listen the major points.\"
An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
Oxymoron: formed by conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous terms.
Malone called my conviction a \"victorious defeat\". bitter sweet memories proud humility orderly chaos a damned saint an honourable villain. Irony:
marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th century
Irony: a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.
Hiroshima---the liveliest city in the world.
Transferred epithet
Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks.
two points of high colour (high colour 指红晕)
“Thank you,” he said as the three of them shared a lingering hug. “谢谢你们。”他说道，这三个人久久地拥抱在一起。 此处讲一个人落水被救，因而对救他的人心怀感激。
He must be doing some cold calculating just now. 刚才他肯定是在冷静地计算着。
Insurgencies tend to be resolved at the bargaining table.
(In for a dime, in for a dollar? By Linda Robinson U.S. News Oct.4 1999) 叛乱只能在谈判桌边才能解决。
On his sick bed he summoned his sons and daughters into his presence.
He passed many an anxious hour in the train.
I spoke to him in hesitant English.
He lives by honest labour.
No one,... that may case would snowball into... ...our town ...had taken on a circus atmosphere. The street ...sprouted with ...
He thundered in his sonorous organ tones. ...champion had not scorched the infidels... …after the preliminary sparring over legalities… Simile:
...swept the arena like a prairie fire ...a palm fan like a sword...
Metonymy
...tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers... The Christian believes that man came from above. ...below.
Hyperbole:
The trial that rocked the world
Ridicule:
Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted ... Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.
Sarcasm:
There is some doubt about that.
Transferred epithet
Darrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder.
Antithesis
The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.
Assonance:
when bigots lighted faggots to burn...
Repetition:
The truth always wins...the truth...the truth... Pun:
Darwin is right --- inside.
A pun is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. It is not strictly a figure of speech, but because it relied heavily on metaphorical or figurative meanings of words for its effect, it if often included in lists of such figures.
a. Words or phrases having two or more distinct meanings. Homonyms.
Local carpenter seeks local dentist for trade of skills. \"I'll build your bridge, you build mine.\"
Standing at the door and looking at the newly employed young secretary, the two colleagues talked to each other. \"She is pure and too inexperienced. We ought to teach her what is right and what is wrong.\" \"Yea,\" said the other, \"you teach her what is right and I teach her what is wrong.\"
For a church outreach visitation program, I was paired with a rather reserved woman. We knocked on one house’s front door. Thinking no one was home, we started to walk away. Just then, a man wrapped in a bath towel, dripping wet, appeared at the upstairs window. “We hope you can visit our church sometime,” my partner called up. “We’d like to see more of you.”
b. words having the same or almost same sound but differing in form and meaning. Homophones.
Seven days without water makes one weak.
Then there was the man in the restaurant. \"You're not eating your fish,\" the waitress said to him. \"Anything wrong with it?\" \"Long time no see (sea),\" the man replied.
The major was about to address his men when the general came. The general talked to the soldiers and left. Then the major announced:\" The general had just made a general speech. Now listen the major points.\"
An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
Oxymoron: formed by conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous terms.
Malone called my conviction a \"victorious defeat\". bitter sweet memories proud humility orderly chaos a damned saint an honourable villain. Irony:
marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th century
Irony: a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.
Hiroshima---the liveliest city in the world.
Transferred epithet
Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks.
two points of high colour (high colour 指红晕)
“Thank you,” he said as the three of them shared a lingering hug. “谢谢你们。”他说道，这三个人久久地拥抱在一起。 此处讲一个人落水被救，因而对救他的人心怀感激。
He must be doing some cold calculating just now. 刚才他肯定是在冷静地计算着。
Insurgencies tend to be resolved at the bargaining table.
(In for a dime, in for a dollar? By Linda Robinson U.S. News Oct.4 1999) 叛乱只能在谈判桌边才能解决。
On his sick bed he summoned his sons and daughters into his presence.
He passed many an anxious hour in the train.
I spoke to him in hesitant English.
He lives by honest labour.
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