***知识清单***
一、短语
1．refer to 指的是；描述；提到；查阅 2．ups and downs 浮沉；兴衰；荣辱 3．date back (to...) 追溯到
4．the attitude to/towards ……对……的态度 5．pay attention to 注意
6．be of great importance 很重要 7．be known for 因……而出名 8．lead to 导致
9．be connected with 和……有联系 10．play a．..role in 起着……的作用 11．point of view 观点；看法
12．relate to 与……相关；涉及；谈到 13．give up 放弃 14．feel like 感觉像 15．used to 过去常常
16．get/be used to 适应，习惯于 17．compare...with... 与……相比较 18．depend on 依靠， 取决于 19．be senior to 比……年长 20．aside from 除了……之外
二、词汇用法
native adj.本国的；本地的 n．本地人；本国人
(1)one's native country/land/language 某人的祖国/故乡/母语
be native to 原产于……
(2)be a native of... ……的人；生长于……的动物或植物
attitude n．态度；看法；姿态
attitude to/towards... 对……的态度/看法
have/take a(n)．..attitude to/towards... 对……持/采取……的态度
despite prep.即使；尽管，为介词，后常跟名词或v.ing even if 即使；尽管， 为连词， 后跟从句
refer to提及；查阅；参考；把…称作…；指的是 →reference n. 提及；参考；查阅 refer to...as... 把……称作……
based adj.以(某事)为基础的→basic adj.基本的；基础的
(1)base...on/upon 把……建立在……的基础上
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be based on/upon 以……为基础/依据
(2)at the base of 以……为基点；在……的底部
date back(to...)追溯(到……)
(1)date back to＝date from 追溯到…… (2)out of date 过时的， 陈旧的
variety n．(植物、语言等的)变体；异体；多样化→various adj. 不同的；各种各样的→vary vt.&vi. 改变；变化
(1)a variety of＝varieties of 种类繁多的 (2)for various reasons 由于种种原因
(3)vary from...to... 从…到…不等；在…到…之间变动
major adj.主要的；重要的；大的 n.主修课程；主修学生 vi.主修；专门研究
→majority n. 大多数；→minority 少数....
(1)major in 主修……；以……为专业 (2)the majority of 大多数……
be in the majority 构成大部分/大多数 means n．方式；方法；途径
(1)a means of communication 一种通讯/交流工具 (2)by this means 通过这种方法
by means of 用……办法；借助……
by no means 决不，一点也不(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装)
(3)mean vi. 意味着
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事 mean to do sth 打算做某事
regard n．尊重；关注 vt.把……视为；看待 (1)regard/consider...as... 认为……是……
(2)have high/no regard for... 高度关注/无视…… with/in regard to sth. 关于某事
appreciate vt.欣赏；重视；感激；领会vi.增值→appreciation n.欣赏；感激
(1)appreciate＋n./pron./v.ing 重视/感激…… I would appreciate it if... 假如……，我将不胜感激 (2)express one's appreciation/thanks to sb.for sth. 表达对某人的感激之情
struggle n．&vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗
struggle for 努力争取……；为……而斗争
struggle against/with 与……作斗争 struggle to do sth. 努力做某事
struggle to one's feet 挣扎着站起来
point of view 观点；看法
from one's point of viewin one's view/opinionas far as sb.is concerned 依某人来看
equal n．同等的人；相等物 adj.相同的；equally adv. →同样地；平等地
(1)be equal to 等于
be equal to sth./doing sth. 胜任(做)某事 (2)A equals B in sth. A在某方面比得上B
demand n．要求；需求vt.强烈要求；需要vi.查问 →demanding adj. 高要求的；要求严格的 (1)be in (great) demand (迫切)需求
meet/satisfy one's demands 满足某人的需求 (2)demand to do sth. 要求做某事 demand that...(should) do... 要求……
description n．描写(文字)；形容→describe vt. 描述；形容；描绘
(1)be beyond description 无法形容，难以描述 (2)give a description of... 介绍……
relate vt.联系；讲述→relation n．关系 (1)relate sth.to sb. 向某人讲述 relate to 与……相关；涉及；谈到 (2)be related to 与……有关 (3)in relation to 关于
三、句型
This/That is/was a time when...这是一个……的时期 There was a time when...曾有一段时间…… This was a time when I hated to go to school. 这是我最讨厌上学的时候。
There was a time when I didn't get along well with my classmates.
有一段时间我和同学们相处得不好。
no matter＋特殊疑问词(如who/what/where/when等)”均可引导让步状语从句，
表示不管；无论...，可与特殊疑问词ever等词互换。 No matter how difficult the problem is，we should not lose heart.
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= However difficult the problem is，we should not lose heart.无论多么困难的问题，我们不应该丧失信心。
as 引导状语从句， 意为“随着”
As China plays a greater role in global affairs，an increasing number of international students are beginning to appreciate China's culture and history through this amazing language.随着中国在全球事务中扮演着更为重要的角色，越来越多的国际学生开始通过汉语这一奇妙的语言了解和欣赏中国的文化和历史。
the＋比较级， the＋比较级 越……， 就越…… the more...，the less... 越……， 越不…… the more...the better... ……越多，……就越好
The more he explained，the more confused I became. 他越解释我就越迷惑。 As is known to us，the lazier a person is，the more things he needs to do tomorrow.
众所周知，一个人越懒， 他明天要做的事情越多。 The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you will make.
你越仔细，你就会越少犯错误。
have trouble with sth./in doing sth. 做……上有困难 have difficulty with sth. 在……上有困难 have difficulty(in)doing sth. 做某事有困难
I hope we won't have any trouble with each other.希望我们彼此之间不会有什么不愉快的事情。
I had no difficulty in making myself understood.我毫不费力地表达了自己的意思。
动词＋疑问词＋to do 结构
I can't keep all the new vocabulary straight in my head，and I certainly can't remember how to use them all properly.
我不能把所有的新词汇都记在脑子里，当然我也记不得如何正确地使用它们。
***巩固练习***
一、重点短语翻译
1.对……的态度 ____________
2.指的是，提到；查阅____________ 3.浮沉，兴衰____________
4.把…建立在……基础之上____________ 5.追溯到____________
6.主修____________
7.依靠，通过____________ 8.把……看作____________ 9.感谢做某事____________ 10.努力做某事____________ 11.观点____________
12.要求做某事____________
13.要求……做某事____________ 14.各种各样的____________
15.与…相关；涉及____________
二、单词拼写
1.Australians are justly proud of their ______(当地的) wildlife.
2.They've spent nearly a ______(十亿) dollars on the research already.
3.What is the ______(确切的) aim of your working so hard?
4.______(尽管) the bad weather, she still worked in the field.
5.The main______(因素) in deciding whether or not to do so is the size of your project.
6.Mandela has become a ______(象征) of the blacks fighting against the whites in South Africa.
7.There are two mainly different political parties to play an important part in the state ______(事务) in this country.
8.The majority of us feel worried if we walk through a ______(地铁)．
9.Now I live in a high-rise building in the city that has thirty ________(公寓) on each.
10.China has always insisted that all countries, big or small, should be ______(平等的)．
三、单项语法填空
1.There is a great difference in attitudes ______ what one eats between the rich and the poor.
2.The new law didn't refer ________ land used for farming.
3.I really appreciate ______ (have ) a chance to study with you abroad.
4.The novel is regarded ______ one of the classic works.
5.This is an old building ______(date) back to the 14th century.
6.This is why I want to major_______ Chinese culture.
7.Doing exercises regularly is of ________(important) to your health.
8.They joined us in the discussion on how to stop ________(globe) warming.
9.You'll be able to choose a room based ________ your own personal tastes.
10.Beijing is filled with people from ______(variety) of parts of China.
11.I'd appreciate______ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.
12.The scenery was so beautiful that it was almost beyond ______(describe)．
13.She demanded ______(see) the headmaster immediately to settle the problem.
14.Anyone, whether he is an official or a bus driver, should be ______(equal) respected.
15.I would like to give my opinion in relation ________ this problem.
16.I have great difficulty ______(tell) the differences between the two words.
17.This is the person ________you are looking for.
18.The reason ________ he failed in the exam was that he didn't study hard.
19.I am looking forward to the day________ my daughter can read this book
20.We shouldn't spend our money testing so many people，most of________ are healthy.
21.He wrote many children's books, nearly half of_________ were published in the 1990s.
22.The school ________ he once studied lies in the east of the town.
23.Do you remember the days ______ we spent together on the farm?
24.He struggled ______(catch) up with his classmates. 25.We express our thought by means ______ words.
四、完成句子
1.看中文电影和电视剧(TV series) 也将很有帮助。(be of +名词)
2.这位老师要求学生们准时到校。（demand）
3.无论何时你学英语时遇到困难，你都可以向老师寻求帮助。
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***参考答案***
一、重点短语翻译
1. attitude to/towards... 2. refer to 3. ups and downs 4. base ... on/upon ... 5. date back (to...) 6. major in 7. by means of 8. regard ... as ... …… 9. appreciate doing sth. 10. struggle to do sth. 11. point of view 12. demand to do sth. 13. demand that ... (should) do sth. 14. a variety of＝varieties of 15. relate to
二、单词拼写
1. native 2. billion 3. specific 4. Despite 5. factor 6. symbol 7. affairs 8. subway 9. apartments 10.equal 三、单句语法填空
1.to/toward 2. to 3. having 4. as 5.dating 6. in 7. importance 8.global 9.on 10.varieties 11. it 12.description
13. to see 14. equally 15. to 16. telling 17. whom/who/that 18. why 19. when 20. whom_ 21. which 22. where 23. which 24. to catch 25. of 四、完成句子
1.Watching Chinese movies and TV series will also be of great help.
2.The teacher demands that the students (should) go to school on time.
3.You can turn to teachers for help whenever you have trouble in learning English.
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