定语从句中关系代词“that”和“which”的用法之别

定语从句中关系代词“that”和“which”的用法之别

【摘要】定语从句是初中英语中的一个重要语法点，它既是历年来中考的语法重点，也是学生们难学的一个语法难点。为了使学生更好地掌握这语法知识，现用英语与汉语相结合的形式将“定语从句中关系代词’that’和’which’的用法之别”进行归纳与总结，便于学者参考。

【关键词】定语从句;关系代词;that ;which ;区别

定语从句是初中英语中的一个重要语法点，它既是历年来中考的语法重点，也是学生们难学的一个语法难点。为了使学生更好地掌握这语法知识，现将定语从句中关系代词“that”和“which”的用法之别浅析如下。

1 在下列情况下，一般用引导词that，不用which．

1.1 指物，先行词为all， few， much， little， none， the one以及由some， any， no， every等构成的不定代词时，宜用that，不用which． 如：

①．Our English teacher wants to teach us all that he knows．

我们的英语老师想把他所知道的都教给我们。

②．The few of hundreds of new records that are produced each week get into the chart．

每周推出的数以万计的新唱片中没有几张能进入每周的流行榜。

③．The much that Chairman Mao said has influenced me a lot．

毛主席说的那些话对我们影响很大。

④．The little that the doctor gave me that day has really worked．医生那天给我的那点微量的药确实生效了。

⑤．I’d like to tell you something that I’m interested in．

我想把我感兴趣的事告诉你。

⑥．Please tell me anything that you know about the matter．

有关此事，凡是你知道的请告诉我。

⑦．Alexander learned to seek out everything strange that instructive．

亚力三大探究的是，追求有教育意义的奇怪的东西。

⑧．There is nothing that you can do to help．

你帮不上忙。

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⑨．None of the books that were published in the publishing house could cause my interest．

这家出版社出版的书中没有能引起我的兴趣。

⑩．The one that Tom did last year has caused many people’s attention．

汤姆去年做的那件事引起了许多人的注意。

1.2 指物，先行词被all， every， few， no， some， any， little， much等词所修饰时，宜用that，不用which． 如：

①．I have eaten all the food that I left．

我把剩下的食物都吃光了。

②．The every paper of our school that was posted last term has already been published．

我们学校上学期寄出去的每一篇论文都已经发表了。

③．The few students that took part in the last English Competition has got a prize．参加上次英语竞赛的几乎没有学生获奖。

④．There is no news that is worth reading in the newspaper．

在这张报纸上没有值得看的消息。

⑤．The teacher is here，you can ask some question that you are unknown．

可以问你所不知的一些问题。

⑥．You can take any seat that is free．

你可以坐任何一个空位。

⑦．There is little work that is fit for you．

没有什么工作适合你。

⑧．Much water that the plants need is helpful to grow for them．

植物需要大量的水来帮助他们生长。

1.3 指物，当先行词被序数词修饰时，宜用that，不用which． 如：

①．At the beginning of each term，the first thing that we should do is to work out a studying plan．

每学期初，我们该做的第一件事情就是拟订一个学习计划。

②．The last place that we visited was the Summer Place．

我们参观的的最后一个地方是颐和园。

③．The next thing that you will do is how to break the seriously．

你们接着要做的就是狠狠地打击敌人。

④．This is second time that he told us the story．

这是他第二次给我们讲这个故事了。

1.4 指物，先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，宜用that，不用which． 如：

①．This is one of the most exciting football games that I have seen in my life by the present．

这是目前为止我一生中看过的足球赛中最激烈的一场。

②．It was the finest exhibition that we ever saw．

那是我们所见到的最好的艺术展。

1.5 指物，先行词被the only， the very， the same所修饰时，宜用that，不用which． 如：

①．The only thing that interests me is Mother Love me Once Again．

唯一使我感兴趣的电影是妈妈再爱我一次。

②．That is the very book that Xiao Ming lost that day．

那正是小明那天丢失的那本书。

③．I need the same book that you have．

我所需要的有你一样的书。

1.6 当先行词为主句的表语或关系代词为从句的表语时，宜用that，不用which． 如：

①．That is the Police Station that was built the year before last．

那是前年修的警察站。

②．China is no longer the country that it used to be．

中国不再是以前的中国了。

1.7 先行词既指人又指物时，宜用that，不用which． 如：

①．The man and the car that we needed are both here．

我们需要的人和车都在这儿。

②．A few leaders are talking about the heroes and their deeds that they interest them．

几位领导正在谈论他们感兴趣的英雄及他们的事迹。

1.8 当先行词是疑问词who， which， what或主句以这些词开头时，宜用that，不用which． 如：

①.．Who that has ever worked together with him doesn’t admire him．

曾经和他工作过的谁不钦佩他。

②．Which that the restaurant serves is based on people’s needs．

这家餐馆提供的那种服务是基于人们的需要。

③．What that he wants couldn’t come true．

他想要的哪一种难以实现。

④．Who is the girl that is waiting for you in the heavy snow?

在大雪中等你的那个女孩是谁？

⑤．Which is the bike that you lost?

你丢失的自行车是哪一辆?

⑥．What’s the name of the magazine that you borrowed yesterday?

你昨天借的那本杂志书名是什么？

1.9 两个定语从句中，其中一个已用了which，另一个宜用that． 如：

Edison built up a factory which produced thing that had never been seen before．

爱迪生建起了一家工厂，生产过去从未见过的东西。

1.10 当先行词为time且表示次数时，引导词用that． 然而指时间时可用that/when． 如：

①．I do remember the first time that I had ever heard the sweetest voice in the world．

我很清楚地记得我第一次听到世界上最美的声音。

②．He didn’t the exact time that/when they arrived in Europe last month．

他不记得上个月到达欧洲的确切时间了。

1.11 有一种定语从句可以作为先行词的同位语，这种定语从句从属连词用that． 如：

The news that the radio announced surprised everyone．

广播的消息使每个人都感到惊奇。

1.12 先行词是there be后的名词且关系代词在从句中作为主语时，用that引导。如：

①．There is no work that can be done at present．目前没事可做。

②．There are many modern advanced machines that will be exported in China this year．

今年中国将有许多现代先进的机器要出口。

1.13 先行词是here be后的名词时，关系代词用that引导，如：

①．Here is a desk that is made of glass．

这儿是一张用玻璃制的课桌。

②．Here are works that Chairman Hu wrote．

这儿是胡主席写的著作。

1.14 当定语从句的主语比先行词长的多时，多用that引导，如：

I’ll take you to the building that all the elder university teachers prefer．

我要带你去所有年长的大学教师喜欢的那座大厦。

1.15 用作关系副词时，用that，如：

That year that the child was born was two thousand and one．

这小孩出生的那年时2001年。

1.16 当先行词是有生命的动物或人时，宜用that，不用which． 如：

①．What’s the name of the animal that jumps about?

四处蹦跳的动物叫什么名字？

②．Who is the person that talked to him yesterday?

昨天和他交谈的那个人是谁？

1.17 当先行词是表原因或方式的名词时，常用that引导，如：

①．She likes the boy for the very reason that she loves his father．

她喜欢那个男孩是因为她爱他的父亲。

②．Imagine the speed that he drives the car．

很难想象他开车的速度。

③．We all didn’t like the way that he speaks to his mother．

我们都不喜欢他对他母亲说话的方式。

2 下列情况下，用which而不用that

2.1在介词后要用which．如：

①．The whole country is going in for agriculture, the importance of which isnow known to everybody .

全国正在大办农业，农业的重要性现在人人皆知。

②．This is the book which Xiao Gang is looking for.

这是小明正要找的那本书。

2.2 若有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系代词是that，则另一句要用which．如：

Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us．

让我给你看我从新开放的书店借来的小说。

2.3 当先行词不是一个单词，而是前面整个主句所表达的概念或部分概念时（即此时引导的定语从句是非限定性定语从句），要用which．相当于and this．

①．The meeting was put off ， which was exactly what we wanted.

会议推迟了，这正是我们所想的。

②．Miss Zhang helped us with grammar，which was very kind of her．

张老师帮助我们学习语法，他真好！

2.4 先行词是指物的“that”和“those”时，要用which．如：

①．He admired that which looked beautiful．（that只能指物）

他羡慕外表漂亮的东西。

②．I have that which you gave me．（that只能指物）

我所拥有的一切都是你给我的。

③．I like those which are with three feet．（those指物）

我喜欢那些有三只脚的东西。

2.5 关系代词后面有插入语时，要用which．如：

①．There was one thing he told me which I don’t believe .

有一件我不相信他告诉我的事情。

②．This is a kind of house which she imagines.

这是她想象中的那种房屋。

2.6 离先行词较远时，宜用which．如：

Larry told her the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book.

拉里把我在书本开头叙述过的那个关于一个青年飞行员的故事讲给她听（如在此处用that, 则会有指前面的airman的可能）。

2.7 当先行词是“those + 复形名词”时，宜用which．如：

A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.

商店必须保持卖地好的商品的存货量。

参考文献

《英语语法手则》 薄冰 赵德鑫[M]. 北京：商务书馆出版社，1994.