(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、Reading Comprehension(总题数：0，分数：0.00) 二、Section A(总题数：1，分数：30.00)
When we think about the growth of human population over the last century or so, it is all too easy to imagine it merely as an increase in the number of humans. But as we 1 , so do all the things associated with us, 2 our livestock (牲畜). At present, there are about 1.5 billion cattle and domestic buffalo and about 1.7 billion sheep and goats. With pigs and poultry, they form a 3 part of our enormous biological footprint upon this planet.
Just how enormous was not really apparent until the 4 of a report, called Livestock\"s Long Shadow, by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Consider these numbers. Global livestock grazing (放牧) and feed production use 30 percent of the land surface of the planet. Livestock—which consume more food than they 5 —also compete directly with humans for water. And the drive to expand grazing land destroys more biologically sensitive terrain, 6 rain forests, than anything else.
But what is even more striking, and alarming, is that livestock are 7 for about 18 percent of the global warming effect, more than transportation\"s 8 . The culprits (罪魁祸首) are methane—the natural result of bovine digestion—and the nitrogen emitted by manure. Deforestation of grazing land adds to the effect.
There are no easy trade-offs when it comes to global warming—such as cutting back on cattle to make room for cars. The human 9 for meat is certainly not about to end anytime soon. As Livestock\"s Long Shadow makes clear, our health and the health of the planet depend on pushing livestock production in more 10 directions. A. available I. multiply B. certainly J. passion C. concerning K. publication D. contribution L. responsible E. critical M. sustainable F. especially N. waste G. including O. yield H. liable（分数：30.00）
解析：I[解析] 本空应填动词。空前的we和空后的so do表明，所填词为动词原形，故应从I项multiply, N项waste和O项yield中选择。上句的growth和increase提示，本空应填I项multiply。
解析：G[解析] 本空应填动词的非谓语形式或副词。本空位于逗号后，逗号前句子结构完整，空后为名词，故推测所填词应为动词的非谓语形式或副词，从B项certainly, C项concerning, F项especially和G项including中选择。livestock和逗号前的all the things associated with us是一种包含关系，故答案G项including(包括)。由于该段及整篇文章都未提及并强调在所有事物中尤其是家畜增长了，故排除强干扰项F项especially。
解析：E[解析] 本空应填形容词。空前的a和空后的part表明，所填词应为以辅音音素开头的形容词。结合下文具体讲到的牲畜对地球的巨大影响可推断答案为E项critical。
解析：K[解析] 本空应填名词。在名词选项中，与空后的a report属于同一个语义场，且与报告的发出方联合国粮农组织的身份一致的是K项publication(公布)。D项contribution意为“投稿”时放在此处与联合国粮农组织的身份不一致，故排除。
解析：O[解析] 本空应填动词。空前的they和consume表明，所填词应为动词原形，故从N项waste和O项yield中选择。两者中与consume(消耗)形成对比的是yield，故答案为O项yield(产出)。N项waste(浪费)与consume有重复之嫌，且一般不用动物作主语，故排除。
解析：F[解析] 本空应填副词。分析句子可知， ---|||________|||--- rain forests为插入语，rain forests是对biologically sensitive terrain的一种举例说明，故答案为常用于举例的副词F项especially。 解析：L[解析] 本空应填形容词，且该词应与for搭配。由what is even more striking...可知，本段依然在介绍牲畜对地球的负面影响。由下句的解释“其元凶是甲烷(牛消化过程的自然结果)和粪便释放的氮”可知，本句说的是牲畜导致了全球变暖。be responsible for意为“是造成……的原因”，符合此处语义，故答案为L项responsible。be liable for指“对……有法律责任的”，常用来形容人，与此处的主语livestock(牲畜)不符，故排除干扰项H项liable。
解析：D[解析] 本空应填名词。从D项contribution, J项passion和N项waste中选择。这里在比较畜牧业和交通运输业对全球变暖效应的影响，本空所填词在意思上应该与前面的be responsible for相似，故答案为D项contribution。
解析：J[解析] 本空应填名词。从J项passion和N项waste中选择。两个选项中与for搭配的是passion, passion for指的是“对……的热爱”，符合此处语义，故答案为J项passion。N项waste一般与of搭配使用，且不符合此处语义，故排除。
解析：M[解析] 本空应填形容词。空前的more和空后的directions表明，所填词应为多音节形容词，故从A项available, H项liable和M项sustainable中选择。A项available一般不放在名词前，故排除。H项liable没有比较级，可排除。M项sustainable(可持续性的)为褒义词，与前面的health一致，符合此处语义，故为答案。
三、Section B(总题数：1，分数：40.00)
Firefighter Training
A. To a typical American kid, the only thing cooler than a firetruck is somebody who rides in one. Firefighters drive through the city at high speeds and climb ladders to sickening heights. These highly trained specialists risk their lives every day fighting fires. It\"s easy to see why so many people want to become firefighters: serving as one is heroic and adventurous. But becoming a firefighter takes more than strength and courage.
B. Before you can become an active-duty firefighter, you need to spend about 600 hours in training, over the course of 12 to 14 weeks. That\"s somewhere between 40 to 48 hours per week, which makes firefighter training a full-time job. Training typically occurs at a fire academy, which is often run by the fire department, a division of the state government or a university. Much of this training is actually in the classroom. During their academic coursework at the fire academy, students study English, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Fire Science in relation to real-life fire situations. To be effective problem solvers and keep up good communication on the job, a firefighter needs to be strong.
C. Firefighting is a highly competitive field. Thousands of applicants apply every year across the country, but most are rejected. Many departments hire every two years, and typically give staff positions to about 30 applicants at a time. While some fire departments only require applicants to hold a high school diploma, many look for applicants with two years of college credits from an accredited college or university. Firefighting is so competitive, in fact, that many applicants obtain EMT or paramedic (护理人员) certification before applying to become a firefighter, making them more desirable to hiring departments. Today, more applicants than ever before have four-year degrees in Fire Science or related fields, which has made the field even more competitive.
D. To enter a training program, applicants take three exams: a written test, a Candidate Physical Ability Test (CPAT) and an aptitude test. The written exam typically consists of around 100 multiple choice questions and covers spatial awareness, reading comprehension, mechanical reasoning, logic, observation and memory. The primary focus of the physical ability test is agility (机敏), upper body strength and endurance. Each task is timed and tests the applicant\"s capacity to endure sustained physical activity. These tasks are reflective of what students do in the fire academy throughout their training days in and out. It\"s unlikely that an applicant who strains
to complete the tasks will survive 14 weeks of training, and so is a strong indicator of future success.
E. Applicants train for the CPAT in some unusual ways. Often, applicants run up and down stairs or stadiums, lift heavy sacks of sand by rope, or jog in multi-level parking garages. Next, we\"ll take a look at the most exciting and dangerous aspect of firefighter training. In order to survive, firefighters must be able to think critically and clearly and solve problems quickly, under extreme stress. This can be especially difficult in an actual fire, so training instructors conduct live fire training drills: They purposely set buildings on fire to give students opportunities to develop these skills. The overall goal of this behavioral training is to instill (逐步培养) good habits in students through repeated exposure. Live fire training is conducted in burn buildings, which are structures, built or acquired, to be intentionally burned for firefighter training. F. There are three types of burn buildings: traditional, acquired structures and simulated structural fire buildings. Traditional bum buildings, built with special materials, can withstand multiple fires, although they do break down over time. Traditional burn buildings exist in communities, at fire academies and on university campuses. The fuel used to cause fires in these structures is typically straw, hay or wood things. Acquired structures are condemned houses or other abandoned buildings. Instructors locate a suitable building and begin a tedious process. First, an instructor gets written permission from the building\"s owner and acquires necessary permits and health clearances to proceed. They notify everyone in the surrounding community of the building, including residences and businesses. Instructors make certain there is no insurance on the property to prevent false claims and legal trouble. With the legal issues out of the way, they prepared the site for training purpose.
G. Even with the preparations and precautionary measures, using an acquired structure can still be very dangerous. The fire is controlled, but that doesn\"t mean it\"s any less real. During the past 10 years, 99 firefighters were killed during training, some of these in live fire training. Statistics like these led fire instructors to adopt a new, safer method for live fire training: simulated structural fire buildings.
H. Simulated structural fire buildings are far more advanced and rely on computers to control the fire. These bum buildings\" computers control built-in fire-producing devices that run on propane (丙烷) and natural gas, and use a non-flammable aerosol (气雾剂) to create real smoke. If there\"s an emergency, the burn building has systems to extinguish the fire and extract all of the smoke with the push of a button. The computer also lets the instructor choose how the fire will burn and at what temperature. The computers are capable of simulating fire scenarios for different things in the building, residential or otherwise. They can even simulate enflamed furniture, such as burning sofas or tables.
I. Volunteer firefighters adhere to the same guidelines and requirements that career firefighters do, as outlined by the document NFPA 1001, but in many states, volunteers aren\"t required to become certified. Only a minority of volunteers ever make it that far. Most volunteer firefighters work other jobs and can\"t devote full-time hours to training. Instead, local fire departments offer weekly or monthly training events to ensure everyone develops the skills they need. Other than in the state of Florida, volunteer firefighters aren\"t restricted from any firefighting tasks. Some departments consist entirely of volunteers, including the truck drivers, called engineers, who often have experience driving big rigs or school buses. In addition to driving, engineers operate the hose pumps.（分数：40.00）
(1).The built-in fire-producing devices controlled by burn buildings\" computers rely on propane and natural gas to operate.（分数：4.00）
解析：H[解析] 题目意为：建筑内安装的生火装置由着火建筑的计算机控制，依靠丙烷和天然气来运转。根据题目中的线索词built-in fire-producing devices和propane and natural gas将本题定位至H段。
该段第2句提到，着火建筑内的计算机控制着建筑内安装的靠丙烷和天然气来运转的生火装置。题目是对该句的同义转述。
(2).Students taking part in the firefighter training need to study several subjects at the fire academy.（分数：4.00）
解析：B[解析] 题目意为：参加消防员训练的学生需要在消防学院学习几门课程。根据题目中的线索词firefighter training和at the fire academy将本题定位至B段。该段倒数第二句提到，在消防学院学习理论课程时，学生要学习英语、物理、化学、数学和与现实生活中的各种火情相关的火灾科学。 (3).In live fire training, instructors set fire to buildings which are prepared for training on purpose, in the hope of developing students\" good habits in dangerous situations.（分数：4.00） 解析：E[解析] 题目意为：在实况消防训练中，培训老师会故意放火烧一些专门用于训练的建筑，目的就是为了让学生们培养在危险处境中的良好习惯。根据题目中的线索词live fire training和good habits将本题定位至E段?该段阐述了学生们进行实况消防训练的相关内容。其中最后三句指出，培训老师为了培养学生们在危险境况中进行周密且清晰的思考的能力，他们会让一些建筑着火，并让学生们在这个环境中进行训练。这些建筑都是专门用于消防员训练的。题目是对该段最后三句内容的概述。
(4).Acquiring the paramedic certification before applying for the position will make the applicants for firefighting more desirable to hiring departments.（分数：4.00）
解析：C[解析] 题目意为：如果能够在去消防部门应聘前获得护理人员资格证，这将使得竞聘者更加受到招聘部门的青睐。根据题目中的线索词paramedic certification和hiring departments将本题定位至C段。该段倒数第二句提到，许多人在申请当消防员之前就拿到了急诊医师或护理人员资格证书，这增加了招聘部门对他们的中意程度。
(5).To make the volunteer firefighters acquire the skills they need, local fire departments offer them training events weekly or monthly.（分数：4.00）
解析：I[解析] 题目意为：为了让志愿消防员获得他们所需要的技能，当地的消防部门每周或者每个月为他们提供培训。根据题目中的线索词volunteer firefighters和weekly or monthly将本题定位至I段。该段介绍了志愿消防员的相关内容，其中第3、4句指出，由于大多数志愿消防员都有别的工作，他们不可能花整天的时间来培训，鉴于此，当地消防部门每周或每月提供培训以保证每位志愿者掌握需要的技能。 (6).Before using the acquired structures for live fire training, an instructor is required to acquire the permission of the structures\" owners in written form.（分数：4.00）
解析：F[解析] 题目意为：在使用获准建筑进行实况消防训练之前，培训老师需要获得建筑物所有者的书面许可。根据题目中的线索词the acquired structures和permission将本题定位至F段。该段介绍了用于实况消防训练的可着火建筑物的相关内容，其中着重介绍了传统的建筑和获准建筑这两种。从第5句开始介绍获准建筑用于消防训练的情况。第7句开始具体阐述使用获准建筑进行消防训练的一些步骤，其中第一步就是要取得建筑所有者的书面许可。
(7).Advanced computer technology is adopted in the stimulated structural fire buildings.（分数：4.00）
解析：H[解析] 题目意为：模拟着火建筑采用了先进的计算机技术。根据题目中的线索词computer technology和simulated stnlctural fire buildings将本题定位至H段。该段介绍了模拟着火建筑的相关内容，其中第1句是总起句，后面的内容围绕第1句内容展开，具体阐述模拟着火建筑与计算机技术是如何衔接的，可见模拟着火建筑已经达到了使用先进的计算机技术的水平。
(8).Before becoming an active-duty firefighter in America, one needs to be trained 40 to 48 hours per week.（分数：4.00）
解析：B[解析] 题目意为：在美国，成为一名现役消防员之前，需要在每周进行40至48个小时的训练。根据题目中的线索词an active-duty firefighter和40 to 48 hours per week将本题定位至B段。该段前两句提到，在成为一名现役消防员之前，你需要在12至14周的时间里参加600小时的培训，每周40到48个小时，这使得消防培训成了一份全职工作。题目是对这两句的细节再现。
(9).A new and safer method adopted by instructors for live fire training is to use simulated structural fire buildings.（分数：4.00）
解析：G[解析] 题目意为：在实况消防训练中采用了一项新的、更安全的方法，那就是使用模拟着火建筑。根据题目中的线索词a new and safer method和simulated structural fire buildings将本题定位至G
段。该段最后一句提到，培训老师们采用的一种新的更安全的用于实况消防培训的方法是利用模拟着火建筑。
(10).The physical ability test will determine whether one can succeed in becoming a firefighter in the future or not.（分数：4.00）
解析：D[解析] 题目意为：体能测试将决定一个人在未来能否成功地成为一名消防员。根据题目中的线索词physical ability test将本题定位至D段。该段首句介绍了想要参加消防培训计划，申请者需要参加三项测试，其中就包括体能测试、从第3句开始具体介绍了体能测试的相关内容。最后一句提到，如果一个申请人在完成这些体能测试的任务时就已精疲力竭，那么他很难完成长达14周的培训，所以这项测试是将来能否成为消防员的一个重要指标。题目是对该句的同义转述。
四、Section C(总题数：0，分数：0.00) 五、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：15.00)
Have you ever noticed that lessons tend to repeat themselves? Does it seem as if you married or dated the same kind of person several times in different bodies with different names? Have you run into the same type of boss over and over again? If you don\"t deal well with authority figures at home, then you will have an opportunity to deal with them out in the world. You will continually draw your life into people who need to enforce authority, and you will struggle with them until you learn the lesson of obedience (服从).
You will continually attract the same lesson into your life. You will also draw to your teachers to teach you that lesson until you get it right. You may try to avoid the situations, but they will eventually catch up with you. The only way you can free yourself of difficult patterns and issues that tend to repeat is by shifting your perspective so that you can recognize the patterns and learn the lessons that they offer. To face these challenges means you need to accept the fact that something within you keeps drawing you to the same kind of person or issue, though that situation or relationship may be very painful.
The challenge, therefore, is to identify and release the patterns that you are repeating. This is no easy task, since it means you have to change, and change is not always easy. Staying just as you are may not help you advance spiritually, but it certainly is comfortable in its familiarity. Rising to the challenge of identifying and releasing your patterns forces you to admit that the way you have been doing things isn\"t working. The good news is that by identifying and releasing the pattern, you actually learn how to change. In order to facilitate your process of change, you will need to learn the lessons of willingness and patience. Once you master these, you will most likely find the challenge of identifying and releasing your patterns far less intimidating.（分数：15.00）
(1).What does the author refer to by \"lessons tend to repeat themselves\"?（分数：3.00） A.You tend to marry and date the same person.
B.There are the same authority figures inside your home and out of it. C.You tend to run into the same problems in your life. √ D.There are many difficult patterns and issues in your life.
解析：[解析] 第1句是第1段的中心句。后面都是对lessons tend to repeat themselves的具体举例。这些例子说明，生活中的问题常常重复出现。故答案为C。
(2).How can you get rid of attracting the same lesson into your life?（分数：3.00） A.By trying your best to avoid those situations. B.By changing your perspective. √
C.By getting the courage to face those challenges. D.By changing your attitudes towards life.
解析：[解析] 第2段中提到，摆脱不断重复的困难模式和问题的唯一方法是转变你的观念，认清这些模式并吸取它们给你的教训。B符合原文内容，故为答案。
(3).Why do lessons tend to repeat themselves according to the author?（分数：3.00） A.Teachers haven\"t taught you how to deal with them.
B.They are sticky enough to catch up with you eventually. C.You have been behaving in a badly-functioned way. √ D.You don\"t learn willingness and patience in the lessons.
解析：[解析] 第2段在给出解决问题的方法时提到，出现这种问题的原因在于自身。最后一段说明了自身的问题：你一直以来的行为模式是行不通的。综合两点可知，答案为C。
(4).What\"s the author\"s attitude towards the idea of staying just as you are?（分数：3.00） A.Intimidating. B.Disapproving. √ C.Supportive. D.Cautious.
解析：[解析] 第3段最后一句提到，不思进取固然安逸，却无益于心灵的成长。全文都在讲要改变固有的行为模式来解决那些反复出现的问题。所以作者对“不思选取”的态度是不赞成的，故答案为B。 (5).What is the effect of mastering willingness and patience according to the passage?（分数：3.00）
A.Making your change become easier. √ B.Helping you to identify your old patterns. C.Challenging you with difficult patterns. D.Arousing your inner desire to change.
解析：[解析] 最后一段最后一句指出，一旦你掌握了这些(意志和耐心)，你将很可能会发现认清和摆脱固有模式的挑战远非那么令人生畏了。再结合上文可知，认清和摆脱固有模式会使一个人容易改变，故答案为A。文中只说意志和耐心有助于你的改变，至于如何帮助，在文中没有提及，故排除其他三项。
六、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：15.00)
What are feelings for? Most non-scientists will find it a strange question. Feelings .justify themselves. They need serve no other purpose in order to exist. On the other hand, many evolutionary biologists, in contrast to animal behaviorists, acknowledge some emotions are primarily for their survival function. For both animals and humans, fear motivates the avoidance of danger, love is necessary to care for young, and anger prepares one to hold ground. But the fact that a behavior functions to serve survival need not mean that; that is why it is done. Other scientists have attributed the same behavior to conditioning, to learned responses. Certain reflexes and fixed action patterns can occur without feelings or conscious thought. A gull chick pecks at a red spot above it. The parent has a red spot on its bill (喙); the chick pecks the parent\"s bill. The gull parent feeds its chick when pecked on the bill. The baby gets fed. The interaction need have no emotional content.
At the same time, there is no reason why such actions cannot have emotional content. In mammals—including humans—that have given birth, milk is often released automatically when a new baby cries. This is not under voluntary control; it is reflex. Yet this does not mean that feeding a new baby is exclusively reflex and expresses no feeling like love. Humans have feelings about their behavior even if it is conditioned or reflexive. Yet since reflexes exist, and conditioned behavior is widespread, measurable, and observable, most scientists try to explain animal behavior using only these concepts. It is simpler.
Preferring to explain behavior in ways that fit scientific methods most easily, scientists have refused to consider any causes for animal behavior other than reflexive and conditioned ones. Scientific orthodoxy (_正统观念) holds that what cannot be readily measured or tested cannot exist, or is unworthy of serious attention. But emotional explanations for animal behavior need not be impossibly complex or unstable. They are just more difficult for the scientific method to verify in the usual ways, cleverer and more sophisticated approaches are called for. Most branches of science are more willing to make successive approximations (近似值) to what may prove ultimately unknowable, rather than ignoring it altogether.（分数：15.00） (1).What do many evolutionary biologists believe?（分数：3.00）
A.Some emotions do not exist.
B.Emotions are helpful for people\"s survival. √ C.Emotions give meaning and depth to life. D.Only humans have emotions.
解析：[解析] 第1段第5句指出，进化生物学家认为一些情感的主要功能是帮助生存，故答案为B。A本身表述错误；C不是进化生物学家的观点；第1段第6句说明动物和人类都有情感，所以D错误。 (2).What can we learn from the example of a gull chick pecking the parent\"s bill?（分数：3.00） A.Behaviors can be learned and have no emotional content. √ B.It is the innate characteristic for adults to look after the young. C.It takes time for animals to be conditioned. D.Emotions are very important to survival.
解析：[解析] 第1段倒数第6、7句称，其他科学家把相同的行为归因于适应环境和习得反应，某些反应和固有的行为模式会在不知不觉中发生，接下来作者举了雏鸟的例子。由此可以看出作者举此例子的目的在于阐述“行为来自条件反射和后天学习且有些行为是不知不觉中发生的”这一观点，故答案为A。 (3).Why does the author think most scientists explain animal behavior in terms of reflexes and conditioning?（分数：3.00）
A.They are the most essential factors for animals to survive
B.They are important for animals to develop learned and emotional behaviors C.They are convenient for scientists to explain animals\" behavior √ D.They will lead to a better understanding of animal emotions
解析：[解析] 由第2段最后两句可知，科学家喜欢用反射和条件作用来解释动物行为，是因为这样比较简单。由此可知答案为C。其他几项未在文中提及。
(4).What should scientists do to study animal emotions?（分数：3.00） A.They should set up improved and refined skillful experiments. √ B.They should analyze human emotions.
C.They should distinguish what is emotional and what is conditioned. D.They should learn from animal behaviorists.
解析：[解析] 第3段作者称，情感因素更难用通常使用的科学方法进行查证，而需要有更巧妙和更精密的方法，A与文意相符，故为答案。
(5).What is the author\"s main purpose of writing this passage?（分数：3.00） A.To make the point that emotions are worth our attention. √ B.To explain what reflexive behavior is.
C.To compare human emotions with animal emotions. D.To discuss the importance of emotions.
解析：[解析] 文章先说科学家喜欢用反射和条件作用来解释动物行为，接着说应该用更巧妙和更精密的方法来分析动物的情感因素，所以文章的真正意图是呼吁大家重视对动物情感因素的研究，A符合文意，故为答案。
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