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自制 2013年英语考研真题阅读(含翻译)

2021-03-12 来源:汇智旅游网
2013Text2

Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted—thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonandsayonline,companiescanaim“behavioural”adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouralads?Orshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission?InDecember2010America’sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)proposedaddinga“donottrack”(DNT)optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft’sInternetExplorerandApple’sSafaribothofferDNT;Google’sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandtheDigitalAdvertisingAlliance(DAA)agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespondingtoDNTrequests.OnMay31stMicrosoftsetofftherow.ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwithwindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.Advertisersarehorrified.Humannaturebeingwhatitis,mostpeoplestickwithdefaultsettings.FewswitchDNTonnow,butiftrackingisoffitwillstayoff.BobLiodice,thechiefexecutiveoftheAssociationofNationalAdvertisers,saysconsumerswillbeworseoffiftheindustrycannotcollectinformationabouttheirpreferences.Peoplewillnotgetfewerads,hesays.“They’llgetlessmeaningful,lesstargetedads.”Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft’sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyonadvertising,ithaschosenanindirectmethod:ThereisnoguaranteethatDNTbydefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8—thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGoogle’sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,Microsoft’schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:“Webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol.”Coulditreallybethatsimple?⽼老老话说得好,所有的⼴广告预算有⼀一半都打了了⽔水漂——问题是,没有⼈人知道到底是哪⼀一半。在⽹网络时代,⾄至少在理理论上,这⼀一部分可⼤大幅度减少。通过观察⼈人们的在线搜索、点击和评论,公司能够向那些最有可能购买的顾客身上投放“⾏行行为”⼴广告。在过去的⼏几周内,⼀一席争吵已经体现出这样精准的信息对于⼴广告商(和他们的软件供应商)的价值。⼴广告商们应该试想⼈人们愿意被追踪并且被发送⾏行行为⼴广告吗?或⼴广告商们是不不是应该获得明确的许可?美国的联邦贸易易委员会提议将“禁⽌止跟2010年年12⽉月份,踪”选项添加到⽹网络浏览器器中,以便便⽤用户能够告诉⼴广告商们他们不不想被追踪。微软的IE浏览器器以及苹果的游猎浏览器器都有“禁⽌止跟踪”选项;今年年,⾕谷歌的铬⻩黄浏览器器也将提供这⼀一功能。2⽉月份,联邦贸易易委员会与数字⼴广告联盟达成共识:该⾏行行业应对“禁⽌止跟踪”的要求进⾏行行回应。5⽉月31⽇日,微软引发了了这场争论。它声称将在随公司Windows8⼀一起⾯面市的IE10浏览器器中,设置DNT为默认选项。⼴广告商们⼀一阵恐慌。⼈人性使然,⼤大部分⼈人坚持使⽤用默认设置。现在很少有⼈人会开启DNT选项,但如果“追踪”选项是关着的,它就会保持关闭状态。数字⼴广告联盟下的⼀一个组织全美⼴广告商协会主席BobLiodice说:“如果⼴广告⾏行行业不不能收集消费者的偏好信息,那么这对于消费者来说将更更为不不利利。”他还说:“⼈人们收到的⼴广告不不会减少,他们收到的是更更没有意义,更更缺少针对性的⼴广告。”⽬目前仍然不不清楚⼴广告商会作何回应。尽管⼀一些公司已经承诺会在收到DNT信号后停⽌止追踪,但是收到DNT信号的公司并没有义务停⽌止跟踪。因为⽆无法判断⽤用户是真正反对“⾏行行为”⼴广告,还是没有更更改微软提供的默认选项,所以有些⼴广告商会忽视DNT信号,继续追踪信息。同样不不清楚的是,为何微软孤军奋战。毕竟微软公司也有⼴广告业务,尽管该公司仍在研究如何对DNT请求做出回应,但却声称会遵守DNT请求。如果微软公司想要去激怒怒⼏几乎全靠⼴广告业务运营的⾕谷歌的话,那么它选择了了⼀一条间接的途径:没⼈人保证默认的DNT将会成为⾏行行业规范。DNT似乎不不会成为Windows8的巨⼤大卖点——尽管微软之前以此为标准将旗下的其他产品与⾕谷歌的相媲美。微软的⾸首席隐私官BrendonLynch在博客中曾经这样写道:事情真能这么“我们相信消费者们应该有更更多的控制权”。简单吗?

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